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The Hypothetical Species pp 243–306Cite as

Biological Consensus Mechanisms: The Future of Coexistence

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Abstract

From the contradictions inherent to society’s view of a pastoral, Arcadian wilderness to that of an opposite brutal, indifferent biosphere, the evolution of Homo sapiens looks to be dynamically challenged in future generations. What kinds of moral and scientific imperatives are sufficiently robust to engender social contracts among our kind that have the staying power and qualities of mind and of heart to enact meaningful protective measures that go far beyond anything in our past histories? Can we and will we transcend the genetic and ethical convolutions that have given us to believe that the Anthropocene is our one and only destiny? Numerous examples across a broad suite of biology, history, and the humanities are examined in an effort to draw conclusions about the future of humankind.

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Notes

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    See Fundamentals of Paleontology: I͡uriĭ Aleksandrovich Orlov, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1962.

  2. 2.

    See “This 100-Million-Year-Old Frog Trapped in Amber Shows How Little Frogs Have Changed,” by Avery Thompson, June 14, 2018, Popular Mechanics, https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/a21528028/this-100-million-year-old-frog-trapped-in-amber-shows-how-little-frogs-have-changed, Accessed June 25, 2018.

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    Simon & Schuster, New York, 1928, first published as Lebensgeschichte aus Dem Walde, Verlag Ullstein, Berlin, 1923.

  4. 4.

    Forest and Conservation History 36, October 1992, 160–171.

  5. 5.

    Lutts, footnote #7. He cites the following references for this: “Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas, Walt Disney’s Bambi: The Story and the Film, New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1990, pp. 170–175. Storyboard sketches of the mother being shot appear on pp. 170–171; Jamie Portman, “Generations Stunned by Death Scene in ‘Bambi,’ Boston Globe, 15 July 1988, p. 32; Charles Solomon, Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989, pp. 129–130.

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    See ibid., Lutts’ essay, footnote #8. He is citing “Pauline Kael, Going Steady, Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown & Co., 1970, p. 225; David Kehr, “‘Bambi’ Handles Emotions with Maturity, Sensitivity,” Chicago Tribune, 15 July 1988, sec. 7, p. L; Stephen King, “A Master of Horror Stories has some Provocative Thoughts about Tots, Terror and TV,” TV Guide 29, 13 June 1981, page 8. This Bambi section adapted from The Metaphysics of Protection, by Michael Charles Tobias and Jane Gray Morrison, A Dancing Star Foundation Book, Waterside Press, Cardiff by the Sea, CA, 2014, pp. 127–128.

  7. 7.

    See https://www.britannica.com/science/Gedankenexperiment, Accessed June 25, 2018.

  8. 8.

    See Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, [1859] Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1964, p. 411.

  9. 9.

    Four Quartets, by T. S. Eliot, Faber And Faber, London, UK, 1944 edition, p. 43.

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    For two preeminent experiments of this kind, in the lab and in the wild, see “Experimentally induced life-history evolution in a natural population,” David A. Reznick,, Heather Bryga, & John A. Endler, Nature volume 346, pages 357–359 (26 July 1990) https://www.nature.com/articles/346357a0, Accessed August 15, 2018; See also, PLoS Genetics, “What is adaptation by natural selection? Perspectives of an experimental microbiologist,” Richard E. Lenski, April 20, 2017, https:/doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006668, http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006668, Accessed August 15, 2018.

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    Biophilia, by E. O. Wilson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; see also The Biophilia Hypothesis, edited by Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, Island Press, Washington, DC, 1993.

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    See Siegfried Eck: “The development of superspecific terms in zoological taxonomy since the turn of the century,” In: Biological Review 16, 1978, pp. 119–132. See also Hans-Peter Gensichen: “Otto Kleinschmidt’s Formenkreislehre: zoogeography, systematics, evolutionary research, anthropology,” In: Biological Review 17, 1979, pp. 73–84.

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    Volume 112, 1992, https://books.google.com/books?id=SVvxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22theoretical+species%22&dq=%22theoretical+species%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitxPK828bXAhVnjFQKHQwmDx0Q6AEITjAH, Accessed June 26, 2018.

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    See Wilson’s essay, “The Tragedy of the Commons: How Elinor Ostrom Solved One of Life’s Greatest Dilemmas,” in Evonomics, http://evonomics.com/tragedy-of-the-commons-elinor-ostrom, Accessed June 27, 2018.

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    See “Sir David Attenborough: Humans have stopped evolving,” by Hannah Furness, 10 September 2013, The Guardian, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/evolution/10297124/Sir-David-Attenborough-Humans-have-stopped-evolving.html, Accessed June 27, 2018.

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    See Benjamin Libet, “Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action”. Behav Brain Sci. 8: 529–566. 1985, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00044903, Accessed June 27, 2018.

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    See Vrata: Sacred Vows and Traditional Fasts, by M.N. Dutt. Cosmo Publication, 2003; see also Life Force: The World of Jainism, by Michael Tobias, Jain Publishing/Asian Humanities Press, Hayword, CA, 1991.

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    See Science & Environment, “Are humans still evolving by Darwin’s natural selection?” by Olly Bootle, Producer, Horizon, 1 March 2011, BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-12535647, Accessed June 27, 2018.

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    Thomas R. Dawber, M.D., Gilcin F. Meadors, M.D., M.P.H., and Felix E. Moore Jr., National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, Washington, DC, Epidemiological Approaches to Heart Disease: The Framingham Study Presented at a Joint Session of the Epidemiology, Health Officers, Medical Care, and Statistics Sections of the American Public Health Association, at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting in St. Louis, MO, November 3, 1950.

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    op. cit., Bootle.

  25. 25.

    ibid.

  26. 26.

    See “The Human Race Will Come To An End. What’s Next?” by Chip Walter, Popular Science, January 30, 2013, https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-01/the-human-race-will-come-to-an-end, Accessed June 27, 2018.

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    See “Humans Change the World,” Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, http://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/humans-change-world, Accessed June 28, 2018; see also “How Have We Changed Since Our Species First Appeared?” https://australianmuseum.net.au/how-have-we-changed-since-our-species-first-appeared, Accessed June 28, 2018.

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    “Americans devote more than 10 h a day to screen time, and growing,” by Jacqueline Howard, CNN, July 29, 2016. For disease data, see “The Top 10 Deadliest Diseases in the World,” HealthLine Newsletter, https://www.healthline.com/health/top-10-deadliest-diseases#respiratory-illness, Accessed February 20, 2019.

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    See Futurism, August 31, 2016, https://futurism.com/the-next-stage-of-evolution-how-will-the-human-species-evolve, Accessed June 28, 2018.

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    E. O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation, https://eowilsonfoundation.org/half-earth-our-planet-s-fight-for-life, Accessed July 20, 2018.

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    See “Protected Areas,” http://atlas-for-the-end-of-the-world.com/world_maps/world_maps_protected_areas.html. “The 2014 United Nations Environment Program’s Protected Area Report states that 15.4% of the world’s terrestrial and inland waters, and 3.4% of the world’s oceans are currently protected, that is 32.6 million km2 (20.6 million km2 of terrestrial and 12 million marine),” Accessed June 28, 2018.

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    Skole, D.L., W.H. Chomentowski, W.A. Salas, and A.D. Nobre (1994). “Physical and Human Dimensions of Deforestation in Amazonia”. BioScience. 44 (5): 314–322. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312381, Accessed August 16, 2018.

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    “Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines, “Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, and Rodolfo Dirzo, PNAS July 25, 2017. 114 (30) E6089-E6096; published ahead of print July 10, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704949114, contributed by Paul R. Ehrlich, May 23, 2017, PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, http://www.pnas.org/content/114/30/E6089, Accessed July 20, 2018.

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    See Jedediah Purdy’s After Nature: A Politics for the Anthropocene, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2015, Chapter 8, “What Kind of Democracy?” and particularly the section on “Ecological Economics,” pp. 261–266.

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    http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/reasonstoloveny/15362, Accessed August 16, 2018.

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    See A Vision of Nature: Traces of the Original World, by Michael Charles Tobias, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, 1995.

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  45. 45.

    https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lawofsea.html.

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    See New Views On An Old Planet – Continental Drift and the History of the Earth, by Tjeerd H. van Andel, Cambridge University Pres, New York, NY, 1985, p. 271.

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    See op. cit., The Metaphysics of Protection, by Michael Charles Tobias and Jane Gray Morrison, Waterside Press, Cardiff by the Sea, CA, A Dancing Star Foundation Book, 2014, p. 10.

  48. 48.

    Much of this, and the subsequent section, adapted and updated from The Metaphysics of Protection, by Michael Charles Tobias and Jane Gray Morrison, Waterside Press, Cardiff by the Sea, CA, A Dancing Star Foundation Book, 2014, pp. 18–24 and 124–125.

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    AWI Quarterly, Spring 2009, pp. 17–18, n.a.

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    By Libby Bacon and Richard B. Primack, Boston University, “OOS 20–1 – Shake-up in Timing in Ecological Communities: Understanding the Complexity and the Role of Citizen Science,” http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P10085.HTM.

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    By Jim Tankersley, Los Angeles Times, March 6, 2010, p. A12. See also “Energy groups relieved sage grouse won’t be listed,” by Mead Gruver, March 5, 2010, Yahoo!News, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100305/ap_on_re_;is/us_sage_grouse/print.

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    Country Life, January 20, 2010, p. 33.

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    See “A trash-based ecosystem – Scientists call it the plastisphere, and it’s got them worried,” by Louis Sahagun, Los Angeles Times, December 28, 2013, pp. A1, A6 – “An ecosystem of our own making could pose a threat”; “The plastisphere, a marine ecosystem that starts with bacteria on particles of discarded plastic, is drawing increasing attention. Scientists fear it might host pathogens and leach dangerous chemicals.”)

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Tobias, M.C., Morrison, J.G. (2019). Biological Consensus Mechanisms: The Future of Coexistence. In: The Hypothetical Species. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11319-3_8

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