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Introduction

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The Hypothetical Species

Abstract

In this chapter we examine the goal of confronting and elaborating upon the outlines of evolutionary theory within a framework that collaborates in the invention of an all-inclusive construct, namely, the survival of a compassionate, sustainable humanity. Examples of its neural network and biological infrastructure are taken from some fundamental ecological case studies, such as the primordial mutualisms displayed by the tiny wasps and fig trees, as well as numbers theories and probability distribution concepts.

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Notes

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    See The Theoretical Individual, by Michael Charles Tobias/Jane Gray Morrison, Springer, New York, 2017.

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    See The Naming Of Names – The Search For Order In The World Of Plants, by Anna Pavord, Bloomsbury Publishing, New York, N.Y., 2005, particularly Chapters I and XIV.

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    See Ethnobotanical Leaflets: 10: 329–335. 2006, Abstract, “Panca Ksira Vrksa (Ficus Species Used in Ayurvedic Medicine),” by Dr. Amrit Pal Singh, BAMS; PGDMB; MD (Alternative Medicine), Herbal Consultant, India –Swift Ltd., Chandigarh, December 19, 2006, https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1243&context=ebl, Accessed July 22, 2018.

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    *Science & Environment, “Earth’s trees number ‘three trillion’,” By Jonathan Amos, BBC Science Correspondent, 3 September 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34134366, Accessed July 23, 2018.

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    https://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/downloads/humongousfungus1992.pdf; See “The Secrets of the ‘Humongous Fungus,’” by Sarah Zhang, October 30, 2017, The Atlantic, Science, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/10/humongous-fungus-genome/544265, Accessed July 23, 2018.

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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, March 2010, Volume 97, Issue 3, pp. 253–259, “Cryptococcus randhawai sp. nov., a novel anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast isolated from tree trunk hollow of Ficus religiosa (peepal tree) from New Delhi, India,” by Zia U. Khan, Suhail Ahmad, Ferry Hagen, Jack W. Fell, Tusharantak Kowshik, Rachel Chandy,Teun Boekhout, First Online: 20 December 2009, Springer Link, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-009-9406-8, Accessed July 22, 2018.

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    See “Tales by Trees – A Brief Guide to the Sacred Trees of India,” by Jyoti Jennings Roth, February 8, 2016, https://www.talesbytrees.com/a-brief-guide-to-the-sacred-trees-of-india/, Accessed July 22, 2018.

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    See The Tree – A Natural History Of What Trees Are, How They Lie, And Why They Matter, by Colin Tudge, Crown Publishers New York, 2006, pp. 191–192.

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    ibid., Tudge, p. 338.

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    See Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): a biosystematic revision of genera of 14 families, with a reclassification of species. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, England. 832 pp.

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    https://www.britannica.com/animal/fig-wasp.

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    See “Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps,” by Carlos A. Machado, Emmanuelle Jousselin, Finn Kjellberg, Stephen G. Compton, Edward Allen Herre, Published 7 April 2001.doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1418, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1468): 685–94, http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1468/685, The Royal Society Publishing).

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    The Forest, A Year’s Watch in Nature, by David George Haskell, Viking New York, 2012, p. 136.

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    Stirling Macoboy’s What Tree Is That?, Crescent Books, A Kevin Weddon Production, Wedding Publishing, Sydney, Australia, 1979, p. 134; See also, “The Queen of Trees: Mutual Dependence,” PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/the-queen-of-trees-video-mutual-dependence/1359/, Accessed July 23, 2018.

  30. 30.

    See https://www.britannica.com/animal/fig-wasp.

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    “Obligate mutualism within a host drives the extreme specialization of a fig wasp genome,” by Jin-Hua Xiao, et al., Genome Biology, 2013, 14:R141, https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r141, © Xiao et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013, 20 December 2013,” Genome Biology, https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r141, Accessed July 24, 2018.

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    Carl Linnaeus, Philosophia botanica. Stockholm: L. Salvius, 1751, cited in “Linnaean sources and concepts of orchids,” Charlie Jarvis and Phillip Cribb, Ann. Bot. 2009 Aug: 104[3]: 365–376. Published online 2009 Jan 30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp005, PMCID: PMC2720649, PMID: 19182221, © The Author, 2009, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.

  34. 34.

    For basic definition see https://www.thefreedictionary.com/hybridism, Accessed July 24, 2018.

  35. 35.

    See, Front. Microbiol., 15 February 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00136, “Multiple Horizontal Transfers of Bacteriophage WO and Host Wolbachia in Fig Wasps in a Closed Community,” Ningxin Wang, Sisi Jia, Heng Xu, Yong Liu and Dawei Huang, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

  36. 36.

    See “The Linnaean Correspondence,” in Carl Linnaeus, 1707–1778: A Bicentenary Guide to the Career and Achievements of Linnaeus and the Collections of the Linnaean Society. Commemorative catalogue, by Gavin D. R. Bridson and William T. Stearn, London, 1978.

  37. 37.

    See The Travelling Naturalists, by Clare Lloyd, Croom Helm, London, 1985, p. 12.

  38. 38.

    Simon And Schuster, New York, 1985/1986.

  39. 39.

    ibid., p.192.

  40. 40.

    ibid., p.259.

  41. 41.

    ibid., p.193.

  42. 42.

    See AGU100, Advancing Earth and Space Science, Papers, Water Resources Research, An Agu Journal, “Ecological optimality in water-limited natural soil-vegetation systems: 1. Theory and hypothesis,” by Peeter S. Eagleson, April 1982, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i002p00325, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19447973, Accessed July 24, 2018; See also, “Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory,” September 2, 2016 By Surbhi S, Key Differences, https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-hypothesis-and-theory.html, Accessed July 24, 2018.

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    See The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 30, No. 2, May 31, 1985, “Recovery of a Stream Invertebrate Community from a Flash Flood in Tesuque Creek, New Mexico,” by Manuel C. Molles, Jr., The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 30, No. 2 (May 31, 1985), pp. 279–287, Published by: Southwestern Association of Naturalists, doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3670741, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3670741, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3670741?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, Accessed July 26, 2018.

  44. 44.

    ibid., Manuel C. Molles, Jr., From Abstract. Little wonder, that Molles, nearly 30 years after publication of this particular essay, received one of the most important awards that can be given out to ecologists in the U.S., the Eugene P. Odum Award for Excellence in Ecology Education by the Ecological Society of America. See https://news.unm.edu/news/molles-receives-eugene-p-odum-award, Accessed July 26, 2018.

  45. 45.

    The flood hit our home, and those of many of our neighbors sometime after 7:30 pm on Monday night, July 23rd, 2018.

  46. 46.

    Private phone conversation, July 28th, 2018.

  47. 47.

    https://www.denverpost.com/2018/07/09/colorado-wildfire-update-monday-fires/, Accessed July 28, 2018.

  48. 48.

    See https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/the-clauses-of-magna-carta, Accessed July 21, 2018.

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    See compnetworking.about.com, Accessed July 21, 2018.

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    See Donald Fenna, “m. t. s. system”. A Dictionary Of Weights, Measures, and Units, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, A Dictionary Of Weights, Measures, and Units. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 190. See also, David Herlihy, Medieval Households, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2009.

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    See Bruno Kish, Scales and Weights, Yale University Press, 1966, p.237.

  52. 52.

    François Cardarelli, Encyclopedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins, Springer Science and Business Media, London/Berlin, 2003.

  53. 53.

    Cardarelli, ibid., p. 48.

  54. 54.

    See The Global Forest, by Diana Beresford-Kroeger, Penguin Group USA, Viking Publishers, New York, 2010, p. 28.

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    Animal Diversity Web, ADW, http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Placozoa/, Accessed August 20, 2018.

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    Universität Rostock, http://cpr.uni-rostock.de/metadata/cpr_person_00002470, Accessed August 20, 2018.

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    NOAA, “Ocean Explorer,” https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html, Accessed August 20, 2018.

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    See American Eden - David Hosack, Botany, and Medicine in the Garden of the Early Republic, Liveright Publication Corporation, A Division of W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2018, p. 2.

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    Quantum Physics/The Cosmos, “Planck’s Constant: The Number That Rules Technology, Reality, and Life,” By James Stein on Mon, 24 Oct 2011, The Nature of Reality, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/physics/2011/10/plancks-constant/, Accessed August 20, 2018.

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    BBC –Earth, “What Gave Rise To Gossip?” by Melissa Hogenboom, 27 February, http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150227-where-did-gossiping-come-from, Accessed May 30, 2018; See also, McAndrew, Frank T., “The Science of Gossip: Why we can’t stop ourselves”. Scientific American, October 2008. See also, Sommerfeld RD, Krambeck HJ, Semmann D, Milinski M. (2007). Gossip as an alternative for direct observation in games of indirect reciprocity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104[44]:17435–40. PMID 17947384, Accessed May 30, 2018.

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    See Mosterín J., [2005], “Antropic Explanations in Cosmology,” in Hajek, Valdés & Westerstahl eds., Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science; http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1658/, Accessed May 30, 2018.

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    See Hempel, C. G. (1952). Fundamentals of concept formation in empirical science. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, p. 33.

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    See https://books.google.com/books/about/Hypothetical_Outlines_of_the_Continents.html?id=NkQsAAAAYAAJ, Accessed July 21, 2018.

  71. 71.

    For a most accessible overview of these basic principles, see the link provided by Dave McShaffrey, Associate Professor of Biology and Environmental Science, Marietta College, http://w3.marietta.edu/~mcshaffd/ and http://w3.marietta.edu/~biol/102/ecosystem.html, Accessed May 30, 2018.

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Tobias, M.C., Morrison, J.G. (2019). Introduction. In: The Hypothetical Species. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11319-3_1

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