Abstract
Decades of research have shown the range of negative outcomes associated with bullying and cyberbullying , and it is a topic that has received national attention from media, educators, parents, researchers, and legislators. The goal of this chapter is to describe current laws related to bullying and cyberbullying , examine existing research about the social and emotional characteristics of bullies and victims, and present a discussion of the interaction between law and the psychology of bullying . Preliminary research suggests that most anti-bullying legislation has limited effectiveness in reducing bullying . Though the most extreme bullying behavior (e.g., assault, robbery) is already a punishable crime, there is great difficulty in further criminalizing bullying . For example, there are challenges with defining bullying and in determining when an aggressive behavior is no longer developmentally appropriate. Although existing legislation has produced underwhelming results and criminalizing bullying is an uphill battle, the authors nevertheless conclude that bullying laws are important and are an area of future development. More importantly, there needs to be legislation that focuses on not just requiring schools to have a bullying intervention plan, but also requiring social and emotional learning programs at all grade levels that can prevent bullying and/or reduce its severity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Educational Research Association. (2013). Prevention of bullying in schools, colleges, and universities: Research report and recommendations. Washington, D.C: American Educational Research Association.
Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘Much ado about nothing’? Psychological Medicine, 40, 717–729. https://doi.org/10.1017/50033291709991383.
Baams, L., Talmage, C. A., & Russell, S. T. (2017). Economic costs of bias-based bullying. School Psychology Quarterly, 32, 422–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000211.
Baldry, A. C. (2004). The impact of direct and indirect bullying on the mental and physical health of Italian youngsters. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20043.
Barchia, K., & Bussey, K. (2011). Predictors of student defenders of peer aggression victims: Empathy and social cognitive factors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410396746.
Barhight, L. R., Hubbard, J. A., & Hyde, C. T. (2013). Children’s physiological and emotional reactions to witnessing bullying predict bystander intervention. Child Development, 84, 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01839.x.
Barlett, C. P., & Gentile, D. A. (2012). Attacking others online: The formation of cyberbullying in late adolescence. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1, 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028113.
Bauman, S. (2010). Cyberbullying in a rural intermediate school: An exploratory study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 803–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609350927.
Bauman, S., & Del Rio, A. (2006). Preservice teachers’ responses to bullying scenarios: Comparing physical, verbal, and relational bullying. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.219.
Baumeister, A. L., Storch, E. A., & Geffken, G. R. (2008). Peer victimization in children with learning disabilities. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-007-0109-6.
Bender, D., & Lösel, F. (2011). Bullying at school as a predictor of delinquency, violence and other anti-social behaviour in adulthood. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.799.
Blake, J. J., Lund, E. M., Zhou, Q., Kwok, O., & Benz, M. R. (2012). National prevalence rates of bully victimization among students with disabilities in the United States. School Psychology Quarterly, 27, 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000008.
Blake, J. J., Zhou, Q., Kwok, O. M., & Benz, M. R. (2016). Predictors of bullying behavior, victimization, and bully-victim risk among high school students with disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 37, 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932516638860.
Bonanno, R. A., & Hymel, S. (2013). Cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional forms of bullying. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 42, 685–697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1.
Brank, E. M., Greene, E., & Hochevar, K. (2011). Holding parents responsible: Is vicarious responsibility the public’s answer to juvenile crime? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17, 507–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024566.
Brank, E. M., Kucera, S. C., & Hays, S. A. (2005). Parental responsibility statutes: An organization and policy implications. Journal of Law and Family Studies, 7, 1–55.
Cappadocia, M. C., Weiss, J. A., & Pepler, D. (2012). Bullying experiences among children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1241-x.
Caravita, S. C. S., Di Blasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying. Social Development, 18, 140–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00465.x.
Caravita, B., Colombo, S., Stefanelli, R., & Zigliani. (2016). Emotional, psychophysiological and behavioral responses elicited by the exposition to cyberbullying situations: Two experimental studies. Psicología Educativa, 22, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.02.003.
Christensen, L. L., Fraynt, R. J., Neece, C. L., & Baker, B. L. (2012). Bullying adolescents with intellectual disability. Journal of Mental Health and Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 5, 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2011.637660.
Cohen, J. (2006). Social, emotional, ethical, and academic education: Creating a climate for learning, participation in democracy, and well-being. Harvard Educational Review, 76, 201–237. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.2.j44854x1524644vn.
Cole, D. A., Maxwell, M. A., Dukewich, T. L., & Yosick, R. (2010). Targeted peer victimization and the construction of positive and negative self-cognitions: Connections to depressive symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374411003691776.
Conti-Ramsden, G., & Botting, N. (2004). Social difficulties and victimization in children with SLI at 11 years of age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/013).
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 70, 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504.
Cornell, D., & Limber, S. P. (2015). Law and policy on the concept of bullying at school. American Psychologist, 70, 333. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038558.
Cornell, D., Gregory, A., Huang, F., & Fan, X. (2013). Perceived prevalence of teasing and bullying predicts high school dropout rates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030416.
Côté-Lussier, C., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2016). Feelings of safety at school, socioemotional functioning, and classroom engagement. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.01.003.
David, K., Murphy, B., Naylor, J., & Stonecipher, K. (2004). The effects of conflict role and intensity on preschoolers’ expectations about peer conflict. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 508–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000216.
Davidson, L. M., & Demaray, M. K. (2007). Social support as a moderator between victimization and internalizing-externalizing distress from bullying. School Psychology Review, 36, 383–405.
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 526 U.S. 629. (1999). Retrieved from https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/526/629/case.html.
Demaray, M. K., Summers, K. H., Jenkins, L. N., & Becker, L. D. (2014). Bullying Participant Behaviors Questionnaire (BPBQ): Establishing a reliable and valid measure. Journal of School Violence, 15, 158–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.964801.
Didden, R., Scholte, R. H. J., Korzilius, H., de Moor, J. M. H., Vermeulen, A., O’Reilly, M., et al. (2009). Cyberbullying among students with intellectual and developmental disability in special education settings. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 146–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518420902971356.
D.J.M. v. Hannibal Public School District #60, 647 F.3d 754. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/222198/djm-v-hannibal-public-school-dist-no-60/.
Donato, I. (2014, September 3). Bullying, harassment, & civil rights [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.stopbullying.gov/blog/2014/09/03/new-video-resource-bullying-harassment-civil-rights.html.
Dupuy, B. (2017). A crime to be mean? Cities make bullying against the law by punishing parents. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/cities-criminalizing-bullying-donald-trump-melania-trump-684206.
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14678624.2010.01564.x.
Frey, A. J., Lingo, A., & Nelson, C. M. (2011). Implementing positive behavior support in elementary schools. In M. R. Shinn & H. M. Walker (Eds.), Interventions for achievement and behavior problems in a three-tier model, including RTI (pp. 397–434). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.
Garrity, C., Jens, K., Porter, W. W., Sager, N., & Short-Camilli, C. (1997). Bully proofing your school: Creating a positive climate. Intervention in School & Clinic, 32, 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/105345129703200407.
Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20204.
Gladden, R. M., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Hamburger, M. E., & Lumpkin, C. D. (2014). Bullying surveillance among youths: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-definitions-final-a.pdf.
Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2009). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Psychology, 217, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.205.
Graham, S. (2006). Peer victimization in school: Exploring the ethnic context. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00460.x.
Good, C. P., McIntosh, K., & Gietz, C. (2011). Integrating bullying prevention into schoolwide positive behavior support. Teaching Exceptional Children, 44, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991104400106.
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Schwab-Reese, L., Ranapurwala, S. I., Hertz, M. F., & Ramirez, M. R. (2015). Associations between antibullying policies and bullying in 25 states. Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) Pediatrics, 169, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2411.
Hawker, D. J. S., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00629.
Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., et al. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021001002.
Hutchinson, M. (2012). Exploring the impact of bullying on young bystanders. Educational Psychology in Practice: Theory, Research and Practice in Educational Psychology, 28, 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2012.727785.
Hymel, S., & Swearer, S. M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70, 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928.
Jansen, D. E., Veenstra, R., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2011). Early risk factors for being a bully, victim, or bully/victim in late elementary and early secondary education. The longitudinal TRAILS study. BMC Public Health, 11, 440–447. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-440.
Jenkins, L. N., Demaray, M. K., Fredrick, S. S., & Summers, K. H. (2016). Associations among middle school students’ bullying roles and social skills. Journal of School Violence, 15, 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.986675.
J.S. v. Bethlehem Area School District, 807 A.2d 803. (2002). Retrieved from http://caselaw.findlaw.com/pa-commonwealth-court/1356600.html.
Juvonen, J., Graham, S., & Schuster, M. A. (2003). Bullying among youth adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112, 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.6.1231.
Kara Kowalski v. Berkeley County Schools, Manny P. Arvon, II, Ronald Stephens, Becky J. Harden, Rick Deuell, Defendants-Appellees. (2011). Retrieved from http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-4th-circuit/1575495.html.
Kelly, E. V., Newton, N. C., Stapinski, L. A., Slade, T., Barrett, E. L., Conrod, P. J., et al. (2015). Suicidality, internalizing problems and externalizing problems among adolescent bullies, victims and bully-victims. Prevention Medicine, 73, 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j-ypmed.2015.01.020.
Kitsantas, A., Ware, H. W., & Martinez-Arias, R. (2004). Students’ perceptions of school safety. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 412–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431604268712.
Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996a). Peer victimization: Cause or consequence of school maladjustment? Child Development, 67, 1305–1317. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131701.
Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996b). Peer victimization: Manifestations and relations to school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 267–283.
Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., & Diaz, E. M. (2009). The 2009 National school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools.
Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, S13–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018.
Lambe, L. J., Hudson, C. C., Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. (2017). Does defending come with a cost? Examining the psychosocial correlates of defending behavior among bystanders of bullying in a Canadian sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 65, 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.012.
Ledwell, M., & King, V. (2015). Bullying and internalizing problems: Gender differences and the buffering role of parental communication. Journal of Family Issues, 34, 792–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13491410.
Lindsay, S., & McPherson, A. C. (2012). Experiences of social exclusion and bullying at school among children and youth with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal, 34, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.587086.
Lingam, R., Jongmans, M. J., Ellis, M., Hunt, L. P., Golding, J., & Emond, A. (2012). Mental health difficulties in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics, 129, e882–891. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1556.
Marini, Z. A., Dane, A. V., Bosacki, S. L., & Cura, Y. L. C. (2006). Direct and indirect bully victims: Differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20155.
Maynard, B. R., Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., & Vaughn, S. (2016). Bullying victimization among school-aged immigrant youth in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.11.013.
McCormack, J., Harrison, L. J., McLeod, S., & McAllister, L. (2011). A nationally representative study of the association between communication impairment at 4–5 years and children’s life activities at 7–9 years. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, 1328–1348. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0155.
Menesini, E., Modena, M., & Tani, F. (2009). Bullying and victimization in adolescence: Concurrent and stable roles and psychological health symptoms. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170, 115–133. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.170.2.115-134.
Mehari, K. R., Farrell, A. D., & Le, A. T. H. (2014). Cyberbullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct. Psychology of Violence, 4, 399–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037521.
Nakamoto, J., & Schwartz, D. (2010). Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta-analytic review. Social Development, 19, 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00539.x.
Nickerson, A. B., & Mele-Taylor, D. (2014). Empathetic responsiveness, group norms, and prosocial affiliations in bullying roles. School Psychology Quarterly, 29, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000052.
Nikolaou, D. (2017). Do anti-bullying policies deter in-school bullying victimization? International Review of Law and Economics, 50, 1–6.
Nishina, A., & Juvonen, J. (2005). Daily reports of witnessing and experiencing peer harassment in middle school. Child Development, 76, 435–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00855.x.
Norwich, B., & Kelly, N. (2004). Pupils’ views on inclusion: Moderate learning difficulties and bullying in mainstream and special schools. British Educational Research Journal, 30, 43–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920310001629965.
Notar, C. E., Padgett, S., & Roden, J. (2013). Cyberbullying: A review of the literature. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2013.010101.
O’Moore, M., & Kirkham, C. (2001). Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.1010.
Ojukwu, M. O. (2017). Effect of insecurity of school environment on the academic performance of secondary school students in Imo State. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.1p.20.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Petrosino, A., Guckenburg, S., DeVoe, J., & Hanson, T. (2010). What characteristics of bullying, bullying victims, and schools are associated with increased reporting of bullying to school officials? (Issues & Answers Report, REL 2010–No. 092). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Northeast and Islands. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs.
Poteat, V. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Predicting psychosocial consequences of homophobic victimization in middle school students. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 27, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431606294839.
Pouwels, J. L., Lansu, T. A. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2016). Participant roles of bullying in adolescence: Status characteristics, social behavior, and assignment criteria. Aggressive Behavior, 42, 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21614.
Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Standing up for the victim, siding with the bully or standing by? Bystander responses in bullying situations. Social Development, 21, 722–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00662.x.
Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2010). What does it take to stand up for the victim of bullying? The interplay between personal and social factors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 143–163. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0046.
Pöyhönen, V., & Salmivalli, C. (2008). New directions in research and practice addressing bullying: Focus on defending behavior. In W. Craig (Ed.), An international perspective on understanding and addressing bullying (Vol. 1, pp. 6–43). PREVNet publication series.
Pozzoli, T., & Gini, G. (2012). Why do bystanders of bullying help or not? A multidimensional model. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33, 315–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431612440172.
Raikes, H. A., Virmani, E. A., Thompson, R. A., & Hatton, H. (2013). Declines in peer conflict from preschool through first grade: Influences from early attachment and social information processing. Attachment & Human Development, 15, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2012.728381.
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., Boelen, P. A., Van der Schoot, M., & Telch, M. J. (2011). Prospective linkages between peer victimization and externalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20374.
Reiter, S., & Lapidot-Lefler, N. (2007). Bullying among special education students with intellectual disabilities: Differences in social adjustment and social skills. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1352/19349556%282007%2945%5B174:BASESW%5D2.0.CO;2.
Rhee, S., Lee, S. Y., & Jung, S. H. (2017). Ethnic differences in bullying victimization and psychological distress: A test of an ecological model. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.013.
Rivers, I., Poteat, V. P., Noret, N., & Ashurst, N. (2009). Observing bullying at school: The mental health implications of witness status. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018164.
Rodkin, P. C., Espelage, D. L., & Hanish, L. D. (2015). A relational framework for understanding bullying: Developmental antecedents and outcomes. American Psychologist, 70, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038658.
Rose, C. A. (2011). Bullying among students with disabilities: Impact and implications. In D. Espelage & S. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in North American schools (2nd ed., pp. 34–44). New York, NY: Routledge.
Rose, C. A., Espelage, D. L., Aragon, S. R., & Elliott, J. M. (2011). Bullying and victimization among students in special education and general education curricula. Exceptionality Education International, 21, 2–14. Retrieved from http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/eei/vol21/iss3/2.
Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., Hessel, E. T., & Schmidt, J. D. (2011). A latent growth curve analysis of early and increasing peer victimization as predictors of mental health across elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.533413.
Sabia, J. J., & Bass, B. (2017). Do anti-bullying laws work? New evidence on school safety and youth violence. Journal of Population Economics, 30, 473–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0622-z.
Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007.
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Ostreman, K., & Kaukianien, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1%3C1:AID-AB1%3E3.0.CO;2-T.
Salmivalli, C., & Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000488.
Sanetti, L. M. H., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2009). Toward developing a science of treatment integrity: Introduction to the special series. School Psychology Review, 38, 445–459.
Shetgiri, R., Lin, H., & Flores, G. (2012). Identifying children at risk for being bullies in the United States. Academic Pediatrics, 12, 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2012.06.013.
Son, E., Parish, S. L., & Peterson, N. A. (2012). National prevalence rates among young children with disabilities in the United States. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 1540–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.04.014.
Sullivan, D. (2011). DA Sullivan’s statement at May 5 press conference on Phoebe Prince Case. Retrieved from https://www.northwesternda.org/news/da-sullivans-statement-may-5-press-conference-phoebe-prince-case.
Swearer, S. M., Wang, C., Maag, J. W., Siebecker, A. B., & Frerichs, L. J. (2012). Understanding the bullying dynamic among students in special and general education. Journal of School Psychology, 50, 503–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2012.04.001.
Thijs, J., & Verkuyten, M. (2008). Peer victimization and academic achievement in a multiethnic sample: The role of perceived academic self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 754–764. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013155.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, 393 U.S. 503. (1969). Retrieved from https://www.csustan.edu/sites/default/files/CJ/JJustice/CaseFiles/Tinker-v-Des-Moines.pdf.
Tippett, N., & Wolke, D. (2014). Socioeconomic status and bullying: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 104, e48–e59. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301960.
T.K. and S.K. v. New York City Department of Education, 779 F.Supp.2d 289. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20110427a78.
Toomey, R. B., & Russell, S. T. (2016). The role of sexual orientation in school-based victimization: A meta-analysis. Youth & Society, 48, 176–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13483778.
T.V. v. Smith-Green Community School Corporation. (2011). Retrieved from https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/districtcourts/indiana/inndce/1:2009cv00290/59912/53/.
Twyman, K. A., Saylor, C. F., Saia, D., Macias, M. M., Taylor, L. A., & Spratt, E. (2010). Bullying and ostracism experiences in children with special health care needs. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181c828c8.
United States Department of Education. (2013). Dear colleague letters enclosure: Effective evidence-based practices for preventing and addressing bullying. Washington, D. C.
Unnever, J. D., & Cornell, D. G. (2003). Bullying, self-control, and ADHD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502238731.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service. (2011). Analysis of state bullying laws and policies, Washington, D.C.
Van Cleave, J., & Davis, M. M. (2006). Bullying and peer victimization among children with special health care needs. Pediatrics, 118, 1212–1219. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-3034.
van Noorden, T. H., Haselager, G. J., Cillessen, A. H., & Bukowski, W. M. (2015). Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 637–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6.
van Roekel, E., Scholte, R. H., & Didden, R. (2010). Bullying among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence and perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0832-2.
Varjas, K., Henrich, C. C., & Meyers, J. (2009). Urban middle school students’ perceptions of bullying, cyberbullying, and school safety. Journal of School Violence, 8, 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220802074165.
Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Oldehinkel, A. J., De Winter, A. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2005). Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents. Developmental Psychology, 41, 672–682. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.672.
Vitoroulis, I., & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Meta-analytic results of ethnic group differences in peer victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21564.
Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021.
Wei, H., & Williams, J. H. (2004). Relationship between peer victimization and school adjustment in sixth-grade students: Investigating mediation effects. Violence and Victims, 19, 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.5.557.63683.
Werth, J. M., Nickerson, A. B., Aloe, A. M., & Swearer, S. M. (2015). Bullying victimization and the social and emotional maladjustment of bystanders: A propensity score analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 53, 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2015.05.004.
Williams, T., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2005). Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-7264-x.
Winslade, J., Williams, M., Barba, F., Knox, E., Uppal, H., Williams, J., et al. (2015). The effectiveness of “undercover anti-bullying teams” as reported by participants. Interpersona, 9, 72–99. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v9i1.181.
Wolke, D., Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychological Science, 24, 1958–1970. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613481608.
Woods, S., & Wolke, D. (2004). Direct and relational bullying among primary school children and academic achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2003.12.002.
Wu, W., Luu, S., & Luh, D. (2016). Defending behavior, bullying roles, and their associations with mental health in junior high school students: A population study. BMC Public Health, 16, 1066–1075. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3721-6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jenkins, L.N., Demaray, M.K., Dorio, N.B., Eldridge, M. (2019). The Law and Psychology of Bullying. In: Bornstein, B., Miller, M. (eds) Advances in Psychology and Law. Advances in Psychology and Law, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11042-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11042-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11041-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11042-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)