Abstract
Serious environmental concerns resulting from the use of fossil fuels have urged the scientific community to concentrate their efforts on finding alternative clean fuels and sustainable raw materials. Biofuels offer a reduction in fossil fuel usage instead, potentially reducing carbon emissions. In addition, some biofuels are considered a clean and biodegradable substitute produced via different processes depending on both the raw material and the products. Ionic liquids (ILs), a new class of solvents, have many favorable characteristics, e.g., low vapor pressure, non-flammability, ability to dissolve polar and nonpolar compounds, and thermal stability. In this chapter, the use of ILs and their analogues deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the production and treatment of biodiesel is investigated.
Keywords
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Abbreviations
- [BMIM][BF4]:
-
1 butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate
- [BMIM][lnCl4]:
-
1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloro-indate
- [BMIM][N(CN)2]:
-
1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyanamide
- [BMIM][PF6]:
-
1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate
- [BMIM][Tf2N]:
-
1 butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [BMIM]Im:
-
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium imidazolide
- [BMIM]OH:
-
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide
- [BMMIM][Tf2N]:
-
1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [BSPy][CF3SO3]:
-
1-(4-sulfonic acid) butylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate
- [BSPy][HSO4]:
-
1-(4-sulfonic acid) butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate
- [C16MIM][Tf2N]:
-
1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [C18MIM][Tf2N]:
-
1-octadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [EMIM][OAc]:
-
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate
- [EMIM][PF6]:
-
1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate
- [EMIM][TfO]:
-
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate
- [EMIM]BF4:
-
1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate
- [EMIM]Cl:
-
1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride
- [EMIM]DEP:
-
1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethylphosphate
- [EMIM]EtOSO3:
-
1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ethyl sulfate
- [EMIM]SCN:
-
1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium thiocyanate
- [HMIM][BF4]:
-
1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate
- [HMIM][N(CN)2]:
-
1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyanamide
- [HMIM][Tf2N]:
-
1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [HMMIM][Tf2N]:
-
1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [NMP][CH3SO3]:
-
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methyl sulfonate
- [OMIM][PF6]:
-
1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
- [OMIM][Tf2N]:
-
1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [OMMIM][Tf2N]:
-
1-octyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide
- [OMPY][BF4]:
-
1-octyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate
- [SBP][HSO4]:
-
(2-(4-sulfobutyl) pyrazolium hydrogensulfate)
- [SMIM][HSO4]:
-
1-(4-sulfonic acid) butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate
- [SO3H-(CH2)3-HIM][HSO4]:
-
1-(propyl-3-sulfonate) imidazolium hydrogen sulfate
- [SPyr][HSO4]:
-
1-(4-sulfonic acid) butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate
- ACPO:
-
Acidic crude palm oil
- BAO:
-
Bitter apple oil
- ChAc:
-
Choline acetate
- ChCl:
-
Choline chloride
- DBT:
-
Dibenzothiophene
- DESs:
-
Deep eutectic solvents
- DMC:
-
Dimethyl carbonate
- FAME:
-
Fatty acid methyl esters
- Gly:
-
Glycerol
- HBA:
-
Hydrogen bond acceptor
- HBD:
-
Hydrogen bond donor
- HPyrBr:
-
1-hexylpyridinium bromide
- ILs:
-
Ionic liquids
- IMC2OH:
-
Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-ethylene dihydroxide
- IMC3OH:
-
Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-propylene dihydroxide
- IMC4OH:
-
Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-butylene dihydroxide
- IMC5OH:
-
Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-pentylene dihydroxide
- IMC6OH:
-
Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-hexylene dihydroxide
- KOH:
-
Potassium hydroxide
- LGCPO:
-
Low-grade crude palm oil
- MIL:
-
Magnetic ILs
- MTBE:
-
Methyl tertiary butyl ether
- MTPPB:
-
Methyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide
- MW:
-
Microwaves
- PTSA:
-
p-toluenesulfonic acid
- scCO2:
-
Supercritical carbon dioxide
- TFA:
-
Total fatty acid
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Wazeer, I., Hadj-Kali, M.K., AlNashef, I.M. (2019). Applications of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Biorefinery-Biodiesel Production. In: Bastidas-Oyanedel, JR., Schmidt, J. (eds) Biorefinery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10961-5_8
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