Skip to main content

3 Family Demography

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Population

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Family demography is a subfield of demography and refers to the study of the changing nature of intergenerational and gender ties that bind individuals into households and family units and the variation of these relationships among subpopulations. In this chapter I first discuss the traditional definitions, methods, and measures used by family demographers to document trends and to assess family and household change. I then provide a descriptive overview of how households, families and living arrangements have changed over time. I next discuss how recent developments in family behavior have necessitated an expansion of techniques and data requiring a new approach to the study of family demography, specifically, the social demography of the family. Finally, I examine new areas of the social demography of the family that have emerged in the past several decades, including emerging young adulthood and union formation and dissolution; aging and living arrangements of the elderly; parenting; and the changing gender division of labor in two-parent families.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acs, G., & Nelson, S. (2002). The kids are alright? Children’s well-being and the rise in cohabitation. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, C., & McNicoll, G. (2003). Casual analysis in the population sciences: Introduction. Population Development Review, 29(3), 442–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belle, S. H., & REACH II Investigators. (2006). Enhancing the quality of life of dementia caregivers from different ethnic or racial groups. Annals of Internal Medicine, 145(10), 727–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belkin. L. 2003. The opt-out revolution. New York Times Magazine, 26, 42–86. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/

  • Bengtson, V.L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family 63(1), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37(4), 401–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., & Casper, L. M. (2000). American families. Population Bulletin, 55(4), 1–44. Retrieved from www.prb.org/

  • Bianchi, S. M., & Casper, L. M. (2004). Explanations of family change: A family demographic perspective. In V. Bengtson, A. Accock, K. Allen, P. Dilworth-Anderson & D. Klein (Eds.), Sourcebook of Family Theory and Methods (pp. 93–100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., Hotz, V. J., McGarry, K., & Seltzer, J. A. (2008). Intergenerational ties: Alternative theories, empirical findings and trends, and remaining challenges. In A. Booth, N. Crouter, S. Bianchi, & J. Seltzer (Eds.), Intergenerational caregiving (pp. 3–43). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., Raley, S. B., & Casper, L. M. (2012). Changing American families in the 21st century. In P. Noller & G. C. Karantzas (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of couples and family relationships (pp. 36–47). New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., Robinson, J. P., & Milkie, M. A. (2006). Changing rhythms of American family life. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation

    Google Scholar 

  • Biblarz, T. J., & Savci, E. (2010). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 480–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boushey, H. 2005. Family friendly policies: Helping mothers to make ends meet. Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. L., & Manning, W. D. (2009). Family boundary ambiguity and the measurement of family structure: The significance of cohabitation. Demography, 46(1), 85–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, L.M., Lein, L., & Kolak, A. (2005). Health and mothers’ employment in low-income families. In S. Bianchi, L. Casper & R. King (Eds.), Work, family, health, and well-being (pp. 493–510). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M. J., & McLanahan, S. S. (2010). Fathers in fragile families. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 241–269). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper, L. M., & Bianchi, S. M. (2002). Continuity and change in the American family. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper, L. M., Florian, S., Potts, C., & Brandon, P. D. (2016). Portrait of American grandparent families. In M. Harrington Meyer & Y. Abdul-Malak (Eds.), Grandparenting in the U.S. (pp. 109–132). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper, L. M., Haaga, J. G. John G. & Jayasundera, R. R. (2009). “Demography and family health.” In J. Kaakinen, S. Hanson, V. Gedaly-Duff & Cohelo, D. P. (Eds.), Family health care nursing: Theory, practice and research (pp. 34–62). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper, L.M., & Hook, J. (Forthcoming). Family Demography. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), Encyclopedia of sociology. Oxford, England: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, A., Copen, C. E., & Stephen, E. H. (2013). Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. National Health Statistics Report, 67, 1–19. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr067.pdf

  • Chandra, A., Copen, C. E., & Stephen, E. H. (2014). Infertility service use in the United States: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth, 1982–2010. National Health Statistics Report, 73, 1–21. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr073.pdf#x2013;2010%20[PDF%20-20318%20KB]%3C/a%3E

  • Cherlin, A. J. (2009). The marriage-go-round: The state of marriage and the family in America today. New York, NY: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherlin, A., Cross-Barnet, C., Burton, L., & Garrett-Peters. R. (2009). Promises they can keep: Low-income women’s attitudes toward motherhood, marriage, and divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, (70)4, 919–933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, T. M. & Uhlenberg, P. (1990). The role of divorce in men’s relations with their adult children after mid-life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 52(3), 677–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297–1339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dotti Sani, G. M. & Treas, J. (2016). Educational gradients in parents’ child-care time across countries, 1965–2012. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(4), 1083–1096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunifon, R., & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2007). The influence of grandparents in single-mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), 465–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dye, J. L. (2008). Fertility of American women 2006. Current Population Reports, P20-558. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edin, K. & Kefalas, M. J. (2005). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edin, K. E. & Nelson, J. (2014). Doing the best I can: fatherhood in the inner city. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, R. R., & Simmons, T. (2014). Coresident grandparents and their grandchildren: 2012. (Population Characteristics, Series P20, No. 576). Retrieved from www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p20-576.pdf

  • Ellwood, D. T. & Jencks, C. (2004). The uneven spread of single-parent families: What do we know? In: K.M. Neckerman (Ed.), Social inequality (pp. 3–7). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esping‐Andersen, G. and Billari, F. C. 2015. Re‐Theorizing Family Demographics. Population and Development Review, 41(1), 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, J. & Casper, L. M. (2001). America’s families and living arrangement: March 2000. Population Characteristics, Series P20(537), Retrived from https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-537.pdf

  • Florian, S. M., & Casper, L. M. (2011, October). Structural differences in native-born and immigrant intergenerational families in the U.S. Paper presented at the 106th Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Las Vegas, NV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricke, T. (2003). Culture and causality: An anthropological comment. Population and Development Review, 29(3), 470–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furstenberg, F.F., Jr. (2010). On a new schedule: Transitions to adulthood and family change. Future of Children, 20(1), 67–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furstenberg, F.F., Jr, Kennedy, S., Mcloyd, V.C., Rumbaut, R.G., & Settersen, R.A., Jr. (2004). Growing up is harder to do. Contexts 3(3), 33–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa, S. (1994). The diverse living arrangements of children: Summer 1991. (Current Population Reports, Series P70, No, 38). Retrieved from www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/1994/demo/p70-38.pdf

  • Gamson, J. (2015). Modern Families: Stories of Extraordinary Journeys to Kinship. New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldscheider, F. (1995). Interpolating demography with families and households. Demography, 32(3), 471–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015). The gender revolution:A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2):207–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, P.Y., Mosher, W.D., & Chandra, A. (2010). Marriage and cohabitation in the United States: A statistical portrait based on cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics, 23(28), 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfeld, D. A. (2007). Gay male couples and assisted reproduction: Should we assist? Fertility and Sterility, 88(1), 18–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, H., Giannarelli, L. Kassabian, D. & Pratt. E. (2016). Assisting two-parent families through TANF (OPRE Report #2016–56). Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, B. E., Martin, J. A., Osterman, M. J. K., Curtin, S. C. & Mathews, T. J. (2015). Births: Final data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports, 64(12), 1–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, B.E., Martin, J.A., & Ventura, S.J. (2009). Births: Preliminary data for 2007. National Vital Statistics Reports, 57(12), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haxton, C. L., & Harknett, K. (2009). Racial and gender differences in kin support: A mixed-methods study of African American and Hispanic couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 30(8), 1019–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hook, J. L. (2010). Gender inequality in the welfare state: Sex segregation in housework, 1965–2003. American Journal of Sociology, 115(5), 1480–1523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, S., & Bumpass, L. (2008). Cohabitation and children’s living arrangements: new estimates from the United States. Demographic Research, 19(47), 1664–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissim, D. M., Kulkarni, A. D., Mneimneh, A., Warner, L., Boulet, S. L., Crawford, S. & National ART Surveillance System (NASS). (2015). Embryo transfer practices and multiple births resulting from assisted reproductive technology: An opportunity for prevention. Fertility and Sterility, 103(4), 954–961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klinenberg, E. (2012). Going solo. The extraordinary rise and surprising appeal of living alone. New York, NY: Penguin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreider, R. M., & Ellis, R. (2011). Living arrangements of children: 2009. (Household economic Studies, Report No. P70-126). Retrieved from www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p70-126.pdf

  • Lesthaeghe, R. (2014). The second demographic transition: A concise overview of its development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(51), 18112–18115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 211–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lino, M., Kuczynski, K., Rodriguez, N., & Schap, T. (2017). Expenditures on children by families, 2015. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1528-2015. Retrieved from www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/expenditures_on_children_by_families/crc2015.pdf

  • Manning, W.D., & Smock, P.J. (2005). “Measuring and modeling cohabitation: New perspectives from qualitative data. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4): 989–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsiglio, W. (2009). Healthy dads, healthy kids. Contexts, 8(4), 22–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Ventura, S. J., Osterman, M. J. K., Wilson, E. C., & Mathews, T. J. (2012). Births: Final data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports, 61(1), 1–100. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_01.pdf

  • Mascarenhas, M. N., Flaxman, S. R., Boerma, T., Vanderpoel, S., & Stevens, G. A. (2012). National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: A systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Medicine, 9(12), e1001356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, P.F. (2000). Gender equity in theories of fertility transition. Population and Development Review, 26(3), 427–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, R. (2003). Causal analysis in population research: An economist’s perspective. Population and Development Review, 29 (3), 448–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan S.P. (2011). Thinking about demographic family differences. In: Carlson M.J., England P. (Eds.), Social class and changing families in an unequal America. (pp. 50–67). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, E. R., McCrory, D. C., Mills, A. A., Price, T. M., Swamy, G. K., Tantibhedhyangkul, J., Matchar, D. B. (2008). Effectiveness of assisted reproductive technology. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Alliance for Caregiving (NAC) & AARP Public Policy Institute. (2015). “Caregiving in the U.S.” (Research report). Retrieved from www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2015/caregiving-in-the-united-states-2015-report-revised.pdf

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (2014). Deaths: Final data for 2014 (Table 7). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_04.pdf

  • Ooms, T. (2002). “Marriage and government strange bedfellows?” CLASP Policy Brief Couples and Marriage Series, No. 1. Center for Law and Social Policy, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, V.K. (1997). Women’s employment and the gain to marriage: The specialization and trading model. Annual Review of Sociology, 23(1), 431–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popenoe, D. (1993). American family decline, 1960–1990: A review and appraisal. Journal of Marriage and Family, 55(3), 527–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poston, D. L., & Bouvier, L. F. (2017). Population and society: An introduction to demography. 2nd edition. New York, NY. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poston, D.L., & Cruz, C. E. (2016). Voluntary, involuntary and temporary childlessness in the United States. Quetelet Journal / Revue Quetelet, 4 (2), 73–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reznik, G.L., Shoffner, D., & Weaver, D.A. (2007). Coping with the demographic challenge: Fewer children and living longer. Social Security Bulletin, 66(4), 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochlen, A. B., McKelley, R. A., & Whittaker, T. (2010). Stay-at-home fathers’ reasons for entering the role and stigma experiences: A preliminary report. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 11(4), 279–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, M. J. (2007). The age of independence: Interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruggles, S. (1994). The transformation of American family structure. American Historical Review, 99(1), 103–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggles, S. (1996). Living arrangements of the elderly in America: 1880–1990. In T. Harevan (Ed.), Aging and generational relations: Historical and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 254–263). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruggles, S. (2007). The decline of intergenerational coresidence in the United States, 1850 to 2000. American Sociological Review, 72(6), 964–989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sassler S. (2004). The process of entering into cohabiting unions.” Journal of Marriage and Family. 66(2):491–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoen, R., & Canudas-Romo, V. (2006). Timing effects on divorce: 20th century experience in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(3), 749–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeni, R. & Ross, K. (2004) “Material assistance received from families during the transition to adulthood.” In Settersen, R., Jr., Furstenberg, F., Jr., & Rumbaut, R. (Eds.) On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, J. A., & Bianchi, S. M. (2013). Demographic change and parent-child relationships in adulthood. Annual Review of Sociology, 39(1), 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, J. A., Lau C. Q., & Bianchi, S. M. (2012). Doubling up when times are tough: A study of obligations to share a home in response to economic hardship. Social Science Research, 41(5), 1307–1319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Settersen, R.A. & Ray, B. (2010). What’s going on with young people today? The long and twisting path to adulthood. Future of Children, 20(1), 19–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M., Gans, D., & Yang, F. (2006). Intergenerational support to aging parents: The role of norms and needs. Journal of Family Issues, 27(8), 1068–1084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smeeding, T. & Ross Phillips, K. (2002). Cross-national differences in employment and economic sufficiency. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 580, 103–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith R. (2003). Historical demography. In P. Demeny and G. McNicoll. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Population (pp. 484–490). New York, NY: MacMillan Reference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, J. (1993). Good riddance to “the family”: A response to David Popenoe. Journal of Marriage and Family, 55(3), 545–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. (2011). Private households by household type, 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories. Retrieved from www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/fam/Pages/highlight.cfm?TabID=1&Lang=E&Asc=1&PRCode=01&OrderBy=999&View=1&tableID=302&queryID=1

  • Statistics Canada. (2012). Portrait of families and living arrangements in Canada. Retrieved from www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-312-x/98-312-x2011001-eng.pdf

  • Statistics Canada. (2016a). Population by sex and age group. Retrieved from www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo10a-eng.htm

  • Statistics Canada. (2016b). Births and total fertility rate, by province and territory (fertility rate). Retrieved from www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/hlth85b-eng.htm

  • Statistics Canada. (2016c). Live births, by marital status of mother, Canada, provinces and territories: Annual. (Table 102-4506). Retrieved from www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&id=1024506#F1

  • Stone, P. (2007). Opting out. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y., & Li, Y. (2014). Alternative households, structural changes, and cognitive development of infants and toddlers. Journal of Family Issues, 35(11), 1440–1472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, J. A. &. Bumpass, L.L. (1987). American Families and Households. New York, NY: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, A. & Young-DeMarco, L. (2001) Four decades of trends in attitudes toward family issues in the United States: the 1960s through the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 1009–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, N. (2002). The package deal: Marriage, work, and fatherhood in men’s lives. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treas, J., & Torrecilha, R. (1995). The older population. In R. Farley (Ed.), State of the union: America in the 1990s (pp. 47–92). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uppal, S. (2015). Insights on Canadian society: Employment patterns of families with children. Component of Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-006-X. Retrieved from www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-006-x/2015001/article/14202-eng.pdf

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Women who had a child in the last year per 1,000 women, by race, Hispanic origin, nativity status, and selected characteristics: June 2010. Detailed fertility tables. (Table 4). Retrieved from www.census.gov/data/tables/2010/demo/fertility/women-fertility.html#par_list_44

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). America’s families and living arrangements: 2011. Family status and household relationship of people 15 years and over, by marital status, age, and sex: 2011. (Table A2). Retrieved from www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2011.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). Population by age, sex, race and Hispanic origin: 2013. (Table 1) Retrieved from www.census.gov/population/age/data/2013.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2014a). Living arrangements of children under 18 years/1 and marital status of parents, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin/2 and selected characteristics of the child for all children: 2014 (Table C3). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/cps2014C.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2014b). Grandchildren under age 18 living in the home of their grandparents: 1970 to present. (Table CH-7). Retrieved from www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/children.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2015a). Parents and children in stay-at-home parent family groups: 1994 to present. (Table SHP-1). Retrieved from www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/families.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2015b). Family groups: 2015. (Table FG10). Retrieved from www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/cps2015FG.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2016a). Completed fertility for women 40 to 50 years old by selected characteristics: June 2016. (Detailed Table 6). Retrieved from www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/fertility/women-fertility.html#par_list_62

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2016b). Table 1. Household characteristics of opposite-sex and same-sex couple households: 2016 American Community Survey. Retrieved from www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/same-sex-couples/ssc-house-characteristics.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2017a). Families, by presence of own children under 18: 1950 to present. (Table FM-1). Retrieved from www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/families.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2017b). Households by type: 1940 to present. (Table HH-1). Retrieved from www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/households.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2017c). Households by size: 1960 to present. (Table HH-14). Retrieved from www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/households.html

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2017d). Population 65 years and over in the United States: 2017. (American Community Survey.) Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0103&prodType=table

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2017e). All parent/child situations, by type, race, and Hispanic origin of householder or reference person: 1970 to present. (Table FM-2). Retrieved from www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/families.html

  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). What is assisted reproductive technology? Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/art/

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). The AFCARS report: Preliminary FY 2015 estimates as of June 2016. Washington, DC: Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children’s Bureau. Retrieved from www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport23.pdf

  • U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Highlights of women’s earnings in 2014. (BLS Reports 1058). Retrieved from www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-earnings/archive/highlights-of-womens-earnings-in-2014.pdf

  • U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Time spent in primary activities and the percent of married mothers and fathers who did the activities on an average day by employment status, average for the combined years 2011-15 (Table A-6A). (American Time Use Survey). Retrieved from www.bls.gov/tus/tables/a6_1115.htm#tus_tu_a6a.f.1

  • Vespa, J., Lewis, J. M., & Kreider, R. M. (2013). America’s families and living arrangements: 2012. (Population Characteristics). Retrieved from www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-570.pdf

  • World Health Organization. (2015). Global health observatory (GHO) data: Life expectancy. Retrieved from www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends/en/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lynne M. Casper .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Casper, L.M. (2019). 3 Family Demography. In: Poston, D.L. (eds) Handbook of Population. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10910-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10910-3_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10909-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10910-3

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics