Abstract
This chapter compares the issue of cultures of justice in the systems of education governance in three education systems: Ireland, Scotland and Pakistan. The focus for the comparison are the current policies which shape the regulation of education. These policies were reviewed to identify key issues relating to social justice and equality, decision-making and accountability. From the analysis of each system, three central issues were identified: firstly, the improvement of a state education system; secondly, the degree of decentralisation and centralisation in governance structures and thirdly, the expectations placed on school leaders. The chapter concludes by discussing the tensions between the drive for system improvement and opportunities for school leaders to build strategies to address issues of inequality in schools.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andrabi, T., Das, J., Khwaja, A. I., & Zajonc, T. (2005). Religious school enrolment in Pakistan: A look at the data (Policy Research Working Paper No. 3521). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Annual Status of Education Report Pakistan (ASER). (2015). Annual status of education report 2015. Lahore: South Asian Forum for Economic Development.
Arnott, M., & Ozga, J. (2016). Education and nationalism in Scotland: Governing a ‘learning nation’. Oxford Review of Education, 42(3), 253–265.
Bache, I. (2003). Governing through governance: Education policy control under new labour. Political Studies, 51(2), 300–314.
Ball, S. J. (2008). New philanthropy, new networks and new governance in education. Political Studies, 56(4), 747–765.
Ball, S. J. (2016). Neoliberal education: Confronting the slouching beast. Policy Futures in Education, 14(8), 1046–1059.
Berkovich, I. (2013). A socio-ecological framework of social justice in education. Journal of Educational Administration, 52(3), 282–309.
Central Statistics Office. (2016). Census population 2016. Dublin: Central Statistics Office.
Chapman, C., Ainscow, M., Miles, S., & West, M. (2011). Leadership that promotes the achievement of students with special educational needs and disabilities: Full report. University of Manchester, National College for Leadership of Schools and Children’s Services (NCSL).
Conway, P. F., & Murphy, R. (2013). A rising tide meets a perfect storm: New accountabilities in teaching and teacher education in Ireland. Irish Educational Studies, 32(1), 11–36.
Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2011). Literacy and numeracy for learning and life. Dublin: DES.
Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2012). Circular 0018/2012. Supporting assessment: Standardised testing in primary schools. Dublin: DES.
Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2016a). Action plan for education 2016–2017. Dublin: DES.
Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2016b). Looking at our school: A quality framework for primary schools. Dublin: DES.
Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2016c). Circular 0039/2016 continuing implementation of school self-evaluation 2016–2020. Dublin: DES.
Department of Education and Skills. (2017). Action plan for education 2017. Dublin: DES.
Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2018). Action plan for education 2018. Dublin: DES.
Department of the Taoiseach. (2006). Towards 2016: Ten-year framework social partnership agreement 2006–2015. Dublin: Stationery Office.
DeStefano, J., & Moore, A. (2010). The roles of non-state providers in ten complementary education programmes. Development in Practice, 20(4–5), 511–526.
Education Scotland. (2015). How good is our school? (4th ed.). Livingston, Scotland: Education Scotland.
Forde, C., Torrance, D., King, F., Travers, J., & Jones, K. (2017, July 7–9). Social justice leadership: Policy and practice in small educational systems—Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Conference paper. BELMAS Annual Conference, Stratford-on-Avon.
Government of Pakistan (GoP). (2010). Constitution of Pakistan: 18th amendment. Islamabad: GoP.
Government of Pakistan (GoP). (2016). HIES 2016. Islamabad: GoP.
Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education (GoP ME). (2009). National education policy 2009. Islamabad: GoP.
Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education (GoP ME). (2017). National education policy 2017. Islamabad: GoP.
Grek, S. (2008). From symbols to numbers: The shifting technologies of education governance in Europe. European Educational Research Journal, 7(2), 208–218.
Hudson, C. (2007). Governing the governance of education: The state strikes back? European Educational Research Journal, 6(3), 266–282.
Imran, M. (2016). Effective implementation of 18th amendment in education, health stressed. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/115312-Effective-implementation-of-18th-Amendment-in-education-health-stressed. Accessed 4 September 2018.
Keddie, A. (2017). Primary school leadership in England: Performativity and matters of professionalism. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(8), 1245–1257.
King, F., & Travers, J. (2017). Social justice leadership through the lens of ecological systems theory. In P. Angelle (Ed.), A global perspective of social justice leadership for school principals. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Lall, M. (2009). Creating agents of positive change—The citizens’ foundation in Pakistan. Karachi: The Citizens Forum.
Lumby, J., & Coleman, M. (2016). Leading for equality: Making schools fairer. London: Sage.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
National Education Management Information Service-Academy of Education Planning and Management (NEMIS-AEPAM). (2017). Pakistan education statistics 2016–17 (AEPAM Publication No. 281). Islamabad: NEMIS-AEPAM.
O’Leary, O. (2018, February 20). Why, oh why does change take so long? https://www.rte.ie/radio/utils/radioplayer/rteradioweb.html#!rii=b9_10839219_0__. Accessed 4 September 2018.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2012). Equity and quality in education: Supporting disadvantaged students and schools. Paris: OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2015a). Education governance in action: Lessons from case studies: Effective education governance and reform. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264262829-en. Accessed 4 September 2018.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2015b). Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) what is PISA? Paris: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/aboutpisa/. Accessed 4 September 2018.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2015c). Improving Scottish schools: An OECD perspective. Paris: OECD.
Parliament of the UK (PoUK). (2010). Equality Act 2010. London: Westminster.
Rahman, T. (2005). Passports to privilege: The English-medium schools in Pakistan. Peace and Democracy in South Asia, 1(1), 24–44.
Razzaq, J. (2015). Community-supported models for girls’ education in diverse contexts in Pakistan: Key issues for policy and practice. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
Razzaq, J., & Forde, C. (2014). The management of large-scale change in Pakistani education. School Leadership and Management, 34(3), 299–316.
Rinne, R., & Ozga, J. (2013). The OECD and the global re-regulation of teachers’ work: Knowledge-based regulation tools and teachers in Finland and England. In R. Black (Ed.), Educators, professionalism and politics: Global transitions, national spaces and professional projects. Oxford: Routledge.
Scottish Government. (2016a). 2017 National improvement framework and improvement plan for Scottish education. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
Scottish Government. (2016b). Introducing the Scottish index of multiple deprivation 2016. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
Scottish Government. (2017a). Education governance next steps: Empowering teachers, parents and communities to achieve excellence and equity in education for our children. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
Scottish Government. (2017b). Empowering schools: A consultation on the provisions of the Education (Scotland) Bill. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
Scottish Government. (2017c). 2018 national improvement framework and improvement plan for Scottish education. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
Shamir, R. (2008). The age of responsibilization: On market-embedded morality. Economy and Society, 37(1), 1–19.
Skrtic, T. M. (2012). Disability, difference, and justice: Strong democratic leadership for undemocratic times. In J. B. Crockett, B. S. Billingsley, & M. L. Boscardin (Eds.), Handbook of leadership and administration for special education. New York: Routledge.
Torrance, D., & Forde, C. (2017). Policy and practice in social justice leadership in Scotland. In P. S. Angelle (Ed.), A global perspective of social justice leadership for school principals. Charlotte, NC: IAP.
United Nations Development Programme. (2016). Human development report 2016: Human development for everyone. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf. Accessed 4 September 2018.
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2015). Institute of statistics data: Education. Montreal: UIS. http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=3340&IF_Language=eng. Accessed 4 September 2018.
Zaidi, Y., Farooq, S., et al. (2016). Women’s economic participation and empowerment in Pakistan—Status report 2016. Islamabad: UN Women Pakistan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
King, F., Forde, C., Razzaq, J., Torrance, D. (2019). Systems of Education Governance and Cultures of Justice in Ireland, Scotland and Pakistan. In: Angelle, P., Torrance, D. (eds) Cultures of Social Justice Leadership. Intercultural Studies in Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10874-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10874-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10873-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10874-8
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)