Troubleshooting

Abstract

This chapter discusses typical problems that can be encountered during the use of ThFFF. This chapter provides the reader with some guidelines to optimising ThFFF experiments as well as typical values for operating parameters. Experimental suggestions and recommendations are also included.

Before performing any analysis, the aims and objectives of the experiments must be clearly understood. This is especially relevant to ThFFF as it generally shows poor retention for low molar mass or small analytes unless high temperature drops or multicomponent carrier liquids are considered. In general, a good first approach to any FFF method development would be to perform a quick size analysis, e.g. by batch dynamic light scattering, beforehand in order to establish a general range of sizes in the sample. From this information, several parameters such as spacer thickness, temperature drop, temperature program and carrier composition can be selected accordingly.