Skip to main content

The Growing Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease: Preventive Strategies to Delay the Risk for Progression to ESRD

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1121))

Abstract

Hypertension, obesity and metabolic syndromes are leading risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Considering the high prevalence of hypertension and obesity in children and adolescents and it’s risk of progression to cardiovascular disease, CKD should be considered a serious long-term health issue in children with metabolic syndrome. Prevention of CKD requires a professional teamwork consisting of primary care physicians, nephrologists, nutritionist, pharmacist, and social work to identify and manage children at risk of developing CKD in order to provide a highly valuable management strategies. This review focuses on the principles underlying the importance of a team approach for CKD prevention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P et al (2007) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298(17):2038–2047

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, Li Z, Naicker S, Plattner B et al (2013) Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet 382(9888):260–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60687-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. The United States Renal Data System (2016) USRDS annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Bethesda

    Google Scholar 

  4. Anaverka NS, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Solomon SD, Kober L, Rouleau JL et al (2004) Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 351(13):1285–1295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hildebrandt F (2010) Genetic kidney diseases. Lancet 375(9722):1287–1295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hogg RJ, Furth S, Lemley KV, Portman R, Schwartz GJ, Coresh J et al (2003) National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Pediatrics 111(6. Pt 1):1416–1421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Keirstead ND, Wagoner MP, Bentley P, Blais M, Brown C, Cheatham L et al (2014) Early prediction of polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity with next-generation urinary kidney injury biomarkers. Toxicol Sci 137(2):278–291. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ghane-Sharbaf F, Assadi F (2018) Effect of allopurinol on glomerular filtration rate inchildren with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3943-1. [Epub ahead of print]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, Giatras I, Toto R, Remuzzi G et al (2001) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease: a meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med 135(2):73–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS (2006) Assessing kidney function –measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 354:2473–2483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Assadi F (2013) Strategies to reduce the incidence of chronic kidney disease in children: time for action. J Nephropathol 26:41–47

    Google Scholar 

  12. Assadi F, John EG, Fornell L et al (1985) Falsely elevated serum creatinine in ketoacidosis. J Pediatr 107:562–564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Carla De Souza V, Rabilloud M, Cochat P et al (2012) Schwart formula. PLoS ONE 7(12):e5339

    Google Scholar 

  14. Parikh CR, Jani A, Melnikov VY et al (2004) Urinary interleukin-18 is a marker ofhuman acute tubular necrosis. Am J Kidney Dis 43:405–414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ et al (2005) The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study. Ann Intern Med 142(5):342–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Schwartz GJ, Brion LP, Spitzer A (1987) The use of plasma creatinine concentration forestimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Clin N Am 34(3):571–590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Schwartz GJ, Furth S, Cole SR, Warady B, Munoz A (2006) Glomerular filtration rate via plasma iohexol disappearance: pilot study for chronic kidney disease in children. Kidney Int 69(11):2070–2077

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Schwartz GJ, Munoz A, Schneider MF, Mak RH, Kaskel F, Warady BA et al (2009) New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20(3):629–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelman CM Jr, Spitzer S (1976) Estimate of glomerularfiltration rate in children derived from body creatinine clearance (eCrCL) in children derived is body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics 58:259–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Schwartz GJ, Feld LG, Langford DJ (1984) A simple estimate of glomerular filtrationrate in full-term infants during the first year of life. J Pediatr 104:849–854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schwartz GJ, Gauthier B (1985) A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in adolescent boys. J Pediatr 106:522–526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Argyropoulos CP, Chen SS, Ng Y-H, Roumdlioti ME, Shaffi K, Singh PP, Tzamaloukas AH (2017) Rediscovering beta-2 microglobulin as a biomarker across the spectrum of kidney diseases. Front Med. https://doi.org/10.3389/famed.2017.0007

  23. Assadi F (1965) Urinary beta-2 microglobulin as a marker of vesicouteral reflux. Pediatr Neohrol 10(5):642–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Coca SG, Yalavarthy R, Concato J et al (2008) Biomarkers for the diagnosis and riskstratification of acute kidney injury: a systematic review. Kidney Int 73:1008–1016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cruz DN, Goh CY, Haase-Fielitz A et al (2010) Early biomarkers of kidney injury. Congest Heart Fail 16(Suppl 1):S25–S31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Devarajan P (2008) Emerging urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2:387–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Han WK, Wagener G, Zhu Y et al (2009) Urinary biomarkers in the early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:873–882

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. (2002);39(2 Suppl 1):S1–S266

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pierrat A, Gravier E, Saunders C et al (2003) Predicting GFR in children and adults: acomparison of the Cockcroft-Gault, Schwartz, and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas. Kidney Int 64:25–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhou H, Cheruvanky A, Hu X, Matsumoto T, Hiramatsu N, Cho ME et al (2008) Urinary exosomal transcription factors, a new class of biomarkers for renal disease. Kidney Int 74(5):613–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Levey AS, Greene T, Sarnak MJ, Wang X, Beck GJ, Kusek JW et al (2006) Effect ofdietary protein restriction on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 48(6):879–888

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Schwartz GJ, Work DF (2009) Measurement and estimation of in children and adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1832–1841

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sharbaf FG, Farhangi H, Assadi F (2017) Prevention of chemotherapy-inducednephrotoxicity in children with cancer. Int J Prev Med 8:76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Assadi F (2007) Effect of microalbuminuria lowering on regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Pediatr Cardiol 28(1):27–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kidney Foundation’sKidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Pediatrics (2003) 111(6 Pt 1):1416–1421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Sabbisetti VS, Waikar SS, Antoine DJ, Smiles A, Wang C, Ravisankar A et al (2014) Blood kidney injury molecule-1 is a biomarker of acute and chronic kidney injury and predicts progression to ESRD in type I diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 25(10):2177–2186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Assadi F, Sharbaf FG (2016) KIM-1 as a potential biomarker for acute kidney injury after circulatory collapse in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Farahnak Assadi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Assadi, F. (2019). The Growing Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease: Preventive Strategies to Delay the Risk for Progression to ESRD. In: Kelishadi, R. (eds) Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1121. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10616-4_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics