Abstract
The introduction considers two nexuses between seapower and the South Atlantic small navies. First, it considers the shaping effect of US seapower in the region and the possibility of its decline due to US isolationism, or other countries’ rebalancing in the South Atlantic by conducting sponsorship and hedging strategies. Second, it provides an assessment of the implications in the South Atlantic of the changing character of seapower in the twenty-first century, particularly the growing strategic relevance of small navies and coastguards.
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Notes
- 1.
Christian Bueger and Timothy Edmunds, ‘Beyond Seablindness: A New Agenda for Maritime Security Studies’, International Affairs 93, no. 6 (11 September 2017), https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix174.
- 2.
I subscribe to the terminology and definitions of seapower in Geoffrey Till, Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century, 4th edition (Abingdon: Routledge, 2018), sec. 1.3.
- 3.
Simon Reich and Peter Dombrowski, The End of Grand Strategy: US Maritime Operations in the Twenty-First Century (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018); Sebastian Bruns, US Naval Strategy and National Security: The Evolution of American Maritime Power (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017).
- 4.
In that sense, Michel Mulqueen, Deborah Sanders, and Ian Speller’s Small Navies (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014) is the landmark reference. See also: Till, Seapower; Peter Dutton, Robert Ross, and Øystein Tunsjø, eds., Twenty-First Century Seapower: Cooperation and Conflict at Sea (London: Routledge, 2014); Joachim Krause and Sebastian Bruns, eds., Routledge Handbook of Naval Strategy and Security (London: Routledge, 2016); Christian Le Mière, Maritime Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century: Drivers and Challenges (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014).
- 5.
Clearly, my considerations are based on John Mearsheimer’s offensive realism theory. John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2003).
- 6.
For instances, US involvement in the first Falklands Islands crisis of 1831–1833 and in the Brazilian ‘Fleet Revolt’ of 1893–1894. Robert L. Scheina, Latin America’s Wars (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2003); Craig Evan Klafter, ‘United States Involvement in the Falkland Islands Crisis of 1831–1833’, Journal of the Early Republic 4, no. 4 (1984): 395–420, https://doi.org/10.2307/3123118.
- 7.
Lysias Dodd Gilbert, Ufo Okeke Uzodike, and Christopher Isike, ‘The United States Africa Command: Security for Whom?’, Journal of Pan African Studies 2, no. 9 (2 March 2009): 264–281; David Francis, US Strategy in Africa: AFRICOM, Terrorism and Security Challenges (New York: Routledge, 2011).
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Ivy Fang et al., Global Marine Technology Trends 2030 (London: Lloyd Register Group Services, 2013), 119; Paul Isbell, ‘Atlantic Energy and the Changing Global Energy Flow Map’, Atlantic Future Scientific Paper 7 (2014), http://www.atlanticfuture.eu/files/338-ATLANTIC%20FUTURE_17_Energy.pdf.
- 9.
Larry Hanauer and Lyle Morris, Chinese Engagement in Africa: Drivers, Reactions, and Implications for U.S. Policy (Santa Monica: RAND, 2013), 35; Marcus Power and Ana Alves Cristina, China and Angola: A Marriage of Convenience? (Cape Town: Fahamu/Pambazuka, 2012), 91–92.
- 10.
Reich and Dombrowski, The End of Grand Strategy, 34–35. These publications provide further scholarship on the concept: Simon Reich, Global Norms, American Sponsorship, and the Emerging Patterns of World Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 178–205; Simon Reich and Richard Ned Lebow, Good-Bye Hegemony! Power and Influence in the Global System (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014); and Peter Dombrowski and Simon Reich, ‘The Strategy of Sponsorship’, Survival 57, no. 5 (2015): 121–148.
- 11.
Derek S. Reveron, Exporting Security: International Engagement, Security Cooperation, and the Changing Face of the US Military, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2016), 135–136; Bruns, US Naval Strategy and National Security, chap. 7.
- 12.
United States, ‘United States Maritime Security Strategy: A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First Century Seapower’ (Secretary of the Navy, 2015).
- 13.
Gilbert, Uzodike, and Isike, ‘The United States Africa Command’; Lauren Ploch, ‘Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa: RL34003’, Congressional Research Service: Report, 3 April 2010, 1–41.
- 14.
Chatham House, ‘Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea’, Report of the Conference held at Chatham House, London, 6 December 2012 (London: Chatham House, 2013), 31.
- 15.
Robert Rubel, ‘The Relationship between Global Naval Engagement and Naval War-Fighting Posture’, Naval War College Review 69, no. 4 (2016): 9–12; Geoffrey Till, ‘A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First Century Seapower: What’s New? What’s Next? A View From Outside’, Defence Studies 8, no. 2 (1 June 2008): 240–257, https://doi.org/10.1080/14702430802099417.
- 16.
Srdjan Vucetic and Érico Duarte, ‘New Fighter Aircraft Acquisitions in Brazil and India: Why Not Buy American?’, Politics & Policy 43, no. 3 (2015): 401–425.
- 17.
Antonio Ruy Almeida Silva et al., ‘The Brazilian Participation in UNIFIL: Raising Brazil’s Profile in International Peace and Security in the Middle East?’, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 60, no. 2 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201700211.
- 18.
Antonio Ruy de Almeida Silva and José Augusto Abreu de Moura, ‘The Brazilian Navy’s Nuclear-Powered Submarine Program’, The Nonproliferation Review 23, no. 5–6 (1 November 2016): 617–633, https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2017.1337625; Mônica Herz et al., ‘A Nuclear Submarine in the South Atlantic: The Framing of Threats and Deterrence’, Contexto Internacional 39, no. 2 (August 2017): 329–350, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390200007.
- 19.
Milan N. Vego, ‘On Littoral Warfare’, Naval War College Review 68, no. 2 (2015): 4.5.
- 20.
Lyle Morris, ‘Blunt Defenders of Sovereignty: The Rise of Coast Guards in East and Southeast Asia’, Naval War College Review 70, no. 2 (2017): 1.
- 21.
Reuters, ‘Argentina Calls for Capture of Five Chinese Fishing Boats’, Reuters, 8 March 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-china-fishing/argentina-calls-for-capture-of-five-chinese-fishing-boats-idUSKCN1GK35T; Diego Laje and Catherine Shoichet, ‘Argentina Sinks Chinese Vessel, Cites Illegal Fishing’, CNN, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/15/americas/argentina-chinese-fishing-vessel/index.html.
- 22.
Sarah Raine and Christian La Mière, Regional Disorder: The South China Sea Disputes (London: Routledge, 2013).
- 23.
Dutton, Ross, and Tunsjø, Twenty-First Century Seapower, 22.
- 24.
Jo-Ansie Wyk, ‘Defining the Blue Economy as a South African Strategic Priority: Toward a Sustainable 10th Province?’, Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 11, no. 2 (2015): 163–164.
- 25.
Till, Seapower, secs 2.3, 2.5.
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Duarte, É. (2019). Introduction. In: Duarte, É., Correia de Barros, M. (eds) Navies and Maritime Policies in the South Atlantic. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10600-3_1
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