Abstract
Dental implantation was introduced as a restorative procedure to reinstate the teeth functions and put the patient in normal contour, comfort, speech and health. Dental implants have been used over the centuries and the production techniques have been developed over the years. One of the advanced technologies is additive manufacturing (AM) which enables high degree of freedom ability to produce complex shaped and customized parts similar to human teeth. AM facilitates the production of complex geometric structure without the need of preparing expensive tools, hence it is more cost effective and time saving process. The current chapter provides an overview of AM as a promising technology for near net shape production of dental in preparing customised dental implants. The chapter also explore the anatomy and mechanical properties of human teeth together with the requirements for the design of teeth implants. The chapter survey the current AM technologies used for dental implant, clinical implications and highlights the future trend of AM in the development of near net shaped dental implants.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Leal R, Barreiros FM, Alves L, Romeiro F, Vasco JC, Santos M et al (2017) Additive manufacturing tooling for the automotive industry. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 92:1–7
Bubna P, Humbert MP, Wiseman M, Manes E (2016) Barriers to entry in automotive production and opportunities with emerging additive manufacturing techniques, vol 0329, p 8. SAE technical papers
Chua CK, Leong KF (2014) 3D printing and additive manufacturing: principles and applications. World Scientific
Essa K, Hassanin H, Attallah M, Adkins N, Musker A, Roberts G et al (2017) Development and testing of an additively manufactured monolithic catalyst bed for HTP thruster applications. Appl Catal A Gen 542:125-135
Uriondo A, Esperon-Miguez M, Perinpanayagam S (2015) The present and future of additive manufacturing in the aerospace sector: a review of important aspects. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part G J Aerosp Eng 229:2132–2147
Zhang L-C, Attar H (2016) Selective laser melting of titanium alloys and titanium matrix composites for biomedical applications: a review. Adv Eng Mater 18:463–475
Hao YL, Li SJ, Yang R (2016) Biomedical titanium alloys and their additive manufacturing. Rare Met 35:661–671
Lee J-Y, Tan WS, An J, Chua CK, Tang CY, Fane AG et al (2016) The potential to enhance membrane module design with 3D printing technology. J Membr Sci 499:480–490
Yap YL, Yeong WY (2014) Additive manufacture of fashion and jewellery products: a mini review: this paper provides an insight into the future of 3D printing industries for fashion and jewellery products. Virtual Phys Prototyp 9:195–201
Petrick IJ, Simpson TW (2013) 3D printing disrupts manufacturing: how economies of one create new rules of competition: 3D printing may represent a disruption to the manufacturing industry as profound as the industrial revolution. (Point of view). Res Technol Manag 56:12
Wohlers-Associates-Inc (2013) Additive manufacturing industry surpassed US$5.1 billion in 2015. Met Powder Rep 71:288
Fraser GJ, Graham A, Smith MM (2006) Developmental and evolutionary origins of the vertebrate dentition: molecular controls for spatio-temporal organisation of tooth sites in osteichthyans. J Exp Zool Part B Mol Dev Evol 306B:183–203
Smith MM, Fraser GJ, Chaplin N, Hobbs C, Graham A (2009) Reiterative pattern of sonic hedgehog expression in the catshark dentition reveals a phylogenetic template for jawed vertebrates. Proc Roy Soc B Biol Sci 276:1225–1233
Vonk FJ, Admiraal JF, Jackson K, Reshef R, de Bakker MAG, Vanderschoot K et al (2008) Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs. Nature 454:630 (online)
Mahoney E, Ismail FSM, Kilpatrick N, Swain M (2004) Mechanical properties across hypomineralized/hypoplastic enamel of first permanent molar teeth. Eur J Oral Sci 112:497–502
Mahoney EK, Rohanizadeh R, Ismail FSM, Kilpatrick NM, Swain MV (2004) Mechanical properties and microstructure of hypomineralised enamel of permanent teeth. Biomaterials 25:5091–5100
Niinomi M, Nakai M (2011) Titanium-based biomaterials for preventing stress shielding between implant devices and bone. Int J Biomater 2011:10
Sansone V, Pagani D, Melato M (2013) The effects on bone cells of metal ions released from orthopaedic implants. A review. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 10:34–40
Zitter H, Plenk H Jr (1987) The electrochemical behavior of metallic implant materials as an indicator of their biocompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res 21:881–896
Shibli JA, Grassi S, De Figueiredo LC, Feres M, Marcantonio E Jr, Iezzi G et al (2007) Influence of implant surface topography on early osseointegration: a histological study in human jaws. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 80:377–385
Shibli JA, Grassi S, Piattelli A, Pecora GE, Ferrari DS, Onuma T et al (2010) Histomorphometric evaluation of bioceramic molecular impregnated and dual acid-etched implant surfaces in the human posterior maxilla. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 12:281–288
Curtis A, Clark P (1990) The effects of topographical and mechanical properties of materials on cell behavior. Crit Rev Biocompat 4:343–362
Romeo E, Lops D, Margutti E, Ghisolfi M, Chiapasco M, Vogel G (2004) Long-term survival and success of oral implants in the treatment of full and partial arches: a 7-year prospective study with the ITI dental implant system. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19:247–259
Khayat PG, Milliez SN (2007) Prospective clinical evaluation of 835 multithreaded tapered screw-vent implants: results after two years of functional loading. J Oral Implantol 33:225–231
Lecomte A, Gautier H, Bouler JM, Gouyette A, Pegon Y, Daculsi G et al (2008) Biphasic calcium phosphate: a comparative study of interconnected porosity in two ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 84:1–6
Kröger H, Venesmaa P, Jurvelin J, Miettinen H, Suomalainen O, Alhava E (1998) Bone density at the proximal femur after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 352:66–74
Habibovic P, Yuan H, Van Der Valk CM, Meijer G, Van Blitterswijk CA, De Groot K (2005) 3D microenvironment as essential element for osteoinduction by biomaterials. Biomaterials 26:3565–3575
Kuboki Y, Jin Q, Takita H (2001) Geometry of carriers controlling phenotypic expression in BMP-induced osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. J Bone Joint Surg Ser A 83:S1105–S1115
Boyan BD, Hummert TW, Dean DD, Schwartz Z (1996) Role of material surfaces in regulating bone and cartilage cell response. Biomaterials 17:137–146
Larsson C, Esposito M, Liao H, Thomsen P (2001) The titanium-bone interface in vivo. In: Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses and medical applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 587–648
Hassanin H, Modica F, El-Sayed MA, Liu J, Essa K (2016) Manufacturing of Ti–6Al– V micro-implantable parts using hybrid selective laser melting and micro-electrical discharge machining. Adv Eng Mater 18:1544–1549
El-Sayed MA, Hassanin H, Essa K (2016) Effect of casting practice on the reliability of Al cast alloys. Int J Cast Met Res 29:350–354
Hassanin H, Finet L, Cox SC, Jamshidi P, Grover LM, Shepherd DET et al (2018) Tailoring selective laser melting process for titanium drug-delivering implants with releasing micro-channels. Add Manuf 20:144–155
Essa K, Jamshidi P, Zou J, Attallah MM, Hassanin H (2018) Porosity control in 316L stainless steel using cold and hot isostatic pressing. Mater Des 138:21–29
Hassanin H, Jiang K (2014) Net shape manufacturing of ceramic micro parts with tailored graded layers. J Micromech Microeng 24:015018
Hassanin H, Jiang K (2010) Infiltration-processed, functionally graded materials for microceramic componenets. In: 2010 IEEE 23rd international conference on micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), pp 368–371
Hassanin H, Jiang K (2013) Fabrication and characterization of stabilised zirconia micro parts via slip casting and soft moulding. Scripta Mater 69:433–436
Johansson CB, Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T (1994) Quantitative comparison of screw-shaped commercially pure titanium and zirconium implants in rabbit tibia. J Mater Sci Mater Med 5:340–344
Lacefield WR (1998) Current status of ceramic coatings for dental implants. Implant Dent 7:315–322
Denry I, Kelly JR (2008) State of the art of zirconia for dental applications. Dent Mater 24:299–307
Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D et al (2015) Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 347:1349–1352 (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
Cazón A, Morer P, Matey L (2014) PolyJet technology for product prototyping: tensile strength and surface roughness properties. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf 228:1664–1675
Singh R (2014) Process capability analysis of fused deposition modelling for plastic components. Rapid Prototyp J 20:69–76
Kaierle S, Barroi A, Noelke C, Hermsdorf J, Overmeyer L, Haferkamp H (2012) Review on laser deposition welding: from micro to macro. Phys Procedia 39:336–345
Wu H, Li D, Tang Y, Sun B, Xu D (2009) Rapid fabrication of alumina-based ceramic cores for gas turbine blades by stereolithography and gelcasting. J Mater Process Technol 209:5886–5891
Williams RE, Komaragiri SN, Melton VL, Bishu RR (1996) Investigation of the effect of various build methods on the performance of rapid prototyping (stereolithography). J Mater Process Technol 61:173–178
Nowotny S, Thieme S, Scharek S, Rönnefahrt T, Gnann RA (2008) FLEXILAS - Laser-Präzisionstechnologie zum Auftragschweißen mit zentrischer Drahtzufuhr. In: Die Verbindungs Spezialisten 2008, pp 318–322
Bikas H, Stavropoulos P, Chryssolouris G (2016) Additive manufacturing methods and modelling approaches: a critical review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 83:389–405
Özkol E, Zhang W, Ebert J, Telle R (2012) Potentials of the “Direct inkjet printing” method for manufacturing 3Y-TZP based dental restorations. J Eur Ceram Soc 32:2193–2201
AMT/8 (2015) Additive manufacturing. General principles. Overview of process categories and feedstock, vol BS EN ISO 17296, 1st edn, p 8
Brandt J, Lauer H-C, Peter T, Brandt S (2015) Digital process for an implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 114:469–473
Kumar YR (2012) Bio-modelling using rapid prototyping by fused deposition. Adv Mater Res 488–489:1021–1025
Goh BT, Teh LY, Tan DBP, Zhang Z, Teoh SH (2015) Novel 3D polycaprolactone scaffold for ridge preservation—a pilot randomised controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implant Res 26:271–277
Gu DD, Meiners W, Wissenbach K, Poprawe R (2012) Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. Int Mater Rev 57:133–164
Hassanin H, Essa K, Qiu C, Abdelhafeez AM, Adkins NJ, Attallah MM (2017) Net-shape manufacturing using hybrid selective laser melting/hot isostatic pressing. Rapid Prototyp J 23:720
Sabouri A, Yetisen AK, Sadigzade R, Hassanin H, Essa K, Butt H (2017) Three-dimensional microstructured lattices for oil sensing. Energy Fuels 31:2524–2529
Chen J, Zhang Z, Chen X, Zhang C, Zhang G, Xu Z (2014) Design and manufacture of customized dental implants by using reverse engineering and selective laser melting technology. J Prosthet Dent 112:1088–1095.e1
Tolochko NK, Savich VV, Laoui T, Froyen L, Onofrio G, Signorelli E et al (2002) Dental root implants produced by the combined selective laser sintering/melting of titanium powders. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl 216:267–270
Traini T, Mangano C, Sammons RL, Mangano F, Macchi A, Piattelli A (2008) Direct laser metal sintering as a new approach to fabrication of an isoelastic functionally graded material for manufacture of porous titanium dental implants. Dent Mater 24:1525–1533
Körner C (2016) Additive manufacturing of metallic components by selective electron beam melting—a review. Int Mater Rev 61:361–377
Chahine G, Koike M, Okabe T, Smith P, Kovacevic R (2008) The design and production of Ti-6Al-4V ELI customized dental implants. JOM 60:50–55
Ramakrishnaiah R, Al kheraif AA, Mohammad A, Divakar DD, Kotha SB, Celur SL et al (2017) Preliminary fabrication and characterization of electron beam melted Ti–6Al–4V customized dental implant. Saudi J Biol Sci 24:787–796
Yang J, Cai H, Lv J, Zhang K, Leng H, Wang Z et al (2014) Biomechanical and histological evaluation of roughened surface titanium screws fabricated by electron beam melting. PLoS ONE 9:e96179
Elmagrabi N, Che Hassan CH, Jaharah AG, Shuaeib FM (2008) High speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V using coated carbide tools. Eur J Sci Res 22:153–162
Hrabe NW, Heinl P, Bordia RK, Körner C, Fernandes RJ (2013) Maintenance of a bone collagen phenotype by osteoblast-like cells in 3D periodic porous titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) structures fabricated by selective electron beam melting. Connect Tissue Res 54. https://doi.org/10.3109/03008207.2013.822864
Jamshidinia M, Wang L, Tong W, Ajlouni R, Kovacevic R (2015) Fatigue properties of a dental implant produced by electron beam melting® (EBM). J Mater Process Technol 226:255–263
Vasak C, Strbac GD, Huber CD, Lettner S, Gahleitner A, Zechner W (2015) Evaluation of three different validation procedures regarding the accuracy of template-guided implant placement: an in vitro study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 17:142–149
Kühl S, Payer M, Zitzmann NU, Lambrecht JT, Filippi A (2015) Technical accuracy of printed surgical templates for guided implant surgery with the coDiagnostiXTM software. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 17:e177–e182
Jiang C-P, Hsu H-J, Lee S-Y (2014) Development of mask-less projection slurry stereolithography for the fabrication of zirconia dental coping. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 15:2413–2419
Mitteramskogler G, Gmeiner R, Felzmann R, Gruber S, Hofstetter C, Stampfl J et al (2014) Light curing strategies for lithography-based additive manufacturing of customized ceramics. Addit Manuf 1:110–118
Osman RB, van der Veen AJ, Huiberts D, Wismeijer D, Alharbi N (2017) 3D-printing zirconia implants; a dream or a reality? An in-vitro study evaluating the dimensional accuracy, surface topography and mechanical properties of printed zirconia implant and discs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 75:521–528
Mangano C, De Rosa A, Desiderio V, d’Aquino R, Piattelli A, De Francesco F et al (2010) The osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and bone formation on different titanium surface textures. Biomaterials 31:3543–3551
Mangano C, Raspanti M, Traini T, Piattelli A, Sammons R (2009) Stereo imaging and cytocompatibility of a model dental implant surface formed by direct laser fabrication. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 88:823–831
Witek L, Marin C, Granato R, Bonfante EA, Campos F, Bisinotto J et al (2012) Characterization and in vivo evaluation of laser sintered dental endosseous implants in dogs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 100B:1566–1573
Stübinger S, Mosch I, Robotti P, Sidler M, Klein K, Ferguson SJ et al (2013) Histological and biomechanical analysis of porous additive manufactured implants made by direct metal laser sintering: a pilot study in sheep. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 101:1154–1163
Ponader S, Von Wilmowsky C, Widenmayer M, Lutz R, Heinl P, Körner C et al (2010) In vivo performance of selective electron beam-melted Ti-6Al-4V structures. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 92:56–62
Mangano C, Piattelli A, Raspanti M, Mangano F, Cassoni A, Iezzi G et al (2011) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive spectrometry evaluation of direct laser metal sintering surface and human bone interface: a case series. Lasers Med Sci 26:133–138
Shibli JA, Mangano C, Mangano F, Rodrigues JA, Cassoni A, Bechara K et al (2013) Bone-to-implant contact around immediately loaded direct laser metal-forming transitional implants in human posterior maxilla. J Periodontol 84:732–737
Mangano C, Mangano F, Shibli JA, Luongo G, De Franco M, Briguglio F et al (2012) Prospective clinical evaluation of 201 direct laser metal forming implants: results from a 1-year multicenter study. Lasers Med Sci 27:181–189
Mangano F, Luongo F, Shibli JA, Anil S, and C. Mangano, Maxillary overdentures supported by four splinted direct metal laser sintering implants: a 3-year prospective clinical study. Int J Dent 2014
Tunchel S, Blay A, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky E, Shibli JA (2016) 3D printing/additive manufacturing single titanium dental implants: a prospective multicenter study with 3 years of follow-up. Int J Dent 2016
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Elshaer, A., Nair, S., Hassanin, H. (2019). Near Net Shape Manufacturing of Dental Implants Using Additive Processes. In: Gupta, K. (eds) Near Net Shape Manufacturing Processes. Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10579-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10579-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10578-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10579-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)