From Inclusion to Exclusion: Marginalization Across Nations

Etefa, Tsega

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10540-2_2

Tsega Etefa⁴

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

Starting with the incorporation of Darfur into colonial Sudan, the incorporation of Benishangul-Gumuz to Ethiopia, and that of coastal Kenya to British Kenya, this chapter argues that incorporation was not followed by effective government administration and that these regions were considered as different categories from the center. Although they joined the center, their histories of gravity belong across the border to their neighboring countries (Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia, respectively) and they were effectively isolated, neglected, marginalized, and severely underdeveloped.

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Notes

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23.
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40.
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49.
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50.
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51.
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52.
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53.
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54.
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55.
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56.
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57.
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63.
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64.
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65.
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66.
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67.
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68.
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69.
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70.
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71.
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72.
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73.
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74.
Timothy Fernyhough, “Social Mobility and Dissident Elites in Northern Ethiopia : The Role of Bandits , 1900–69,” in Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, ed. Donald Crummey (London: James Currey, 1986), 154.
75.
Sudan Intelligence Report, Number 84 (July 1901) and 61 (February 1899); Engeda Tasamma, interview by author, Mandura, March 2003; Makuriyaw Bezuneh, interview by author, Chagni, March 2003; Alboro Dibaba, interview by author, Bulan , March 2003. There were also many other smaller hills formerly under Guba taken from them by the Ethiopians. Informants also state that the chiefs of Guba were responsible to Addis Ababa , owing to their role as barr Tabbaqi (Gate-keepers). They watched the frontier of Ethiopia in this direction and also provided the government with gold. When Hamdan was imprisoned at Dunkur in 1900, he was well treated. It was hoped that he would be released when his subjects submitted a pile of gold rings equal to his height. Informants insisted that Hamdan was the tallest and heaviest man (perhaps in Ethiopia ), so much so that he used more than three horses for a single transport. Cf. also Cheesman, Lake Tana, 368.
76.
John Markakis , Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers (Rochester: James Currey, 2011), 159.
77.
For details, see Tsega Etefa, Interethnic Relations on a Frontier: Matakkal (Ethiopia), 1898–1991 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006), Chapter 2.
78.
Markakis, Ethiopia, 9–10.
79.
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81.
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82.
Prunier, Darfur, 35.
83.
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84.
Partly quoted in Guyo, “Historical,” 20.
85.
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86.
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96.
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Tsega Etefa

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Etefa, T. (2019). From Inclusion to Exclusion: Marginalization Across Nations. In: The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in Africa. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10540-2_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10540-2_2
Published: 02 February 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10539-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10540-2
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