Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pre-participation Evaluation in Sports Practice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Sports Medicine Physician

Abstract

Since ancient times, sports practice is well-recognized as a health-promoting activity as it may act to improving our biological reserve. Sports practice is not an injury-free activity, and a clear example of that is sudden cardiac arrest, one of the most overwhelming events in sports practice, which could signal the first clinical presentation of an underlying cardiovascular disease. However, different aspects should be taken into account before permitting athlete’s sports participation such as the modality of sports, athletes’ biology and physical conditions, age, gender, presence of chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease), overweight, previous injuries, neurological disorders, psychological distress, as well as any physical impairment. All of these aspects reinforce the vital role of pre-participation evaluation in sports practice. This chapter lays out and discusses elements involved in PPE and particularities related to different athletes’ population according to their gender, age (childhood and adolescence, adulthood and old age), and level of sports practice (recreational, disabled, and professional athletes).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Troy KL, Mancuso ME, Butler TA, Johnson JE. Exercise early and often: effects of physical activity and exercise on women’s bone health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(5).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32(5):541–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Shanahan DF, Franco L, Lin BB, Gaston KJ, Fuller RA. The benefits of natural environments for physical activity. Sports Med. 2016;46(7):989–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Russo CR. The effects of exercise on bone. Basic concepts and implications for the prevention of fractures. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2009;6(3):223–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bianchi FP, Veneziani V, Cantalice MA, Notarnicola A, Tafuri S. Epidemiology of injuries among Italian footballers: the role of the playing field. Inj Prev 2018;0:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Reissig J, Bitterman A, Lee S. Common foot and ankle injuries: what not to miss and how best to manage. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(2):98–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Black AM, Eliason PH, Patton DA, Emery CA. Epidemiology of facial injuries in sport. Clin Sports Med. 2017;36(2):237–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Micieli JA, Easterbrook M. Eye and orbital injuries in sports. Clin Sports Med. 2017;36(2):299–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Scoggin JF 3rd, Brusovanik G, Izuka BH, et al. Assessment of injuries during Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu competition. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014;2:2325967114522184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Cierna D, Lystad RP. Epidemiology of competition injuries in youth karate athletes: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1285–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cierna D, Barrientos M, Agrasar C, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in juniors participating in top-level karate competition: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:730–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones NS. Competitive diving principles and injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16(5):351–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Westermann RW, Giblin M, Vaske A, Grosso K, Wolf BR. Evaluation of men’s and women’s gymnastics injuries: a 10-year observational study. Sports Health. 2015;7(2):161–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Durstine JL, Gordon B, Wang Z, Luo X. Chronic disease and the link to physical activity. J Sport Health Sci. 2013;2:3e11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dinas PC, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD. Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression. Ir J Med Sci. 2011;180(2):319–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White RD. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1433e8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Moore GE. The role of exercise prescription in chronic disease. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(1):6–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Musso P, Carballo S. Current practice for the prevention of sudden death in young athletes. Rev Med Suisse. 2018;14(623):1849–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dennis M, Elder A, Semsarian C, Orchard J, Brouwer I, Puranik R. A 10-year review of sudden death during sporting activities. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(10):1477–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Adamczak DM, Oko-Sarnowska Z. Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Rev. 2018;26(3):145–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wasfy MM, Hutter AM, Weiner RB. Sudden cardiac death in athletes. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2016;12(2):76–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Carre F. Sport’s related sudden death. Presse Med. 2014;43(7–8):831–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Marijon E, Tafflet M, Celermajer DS, Dumas F, Perier MC, Mustafic H, Toussaint JF, et al. Sports-related sudden death in the general population. Circulation. 2011;124(6):672–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Solberg EE, Gjertsen F, Haugstad E, Kolsrud L. Sudden death in sports among young adults in Norway. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17(3):337–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lehman PJ, Carl RL. The preparticipation physical evaluation. Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(3):e85–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mirabelli MH, Devine MJ, Singh J, Mendoza M. The pre-participation sports evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(5):371–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sanders B, Blackburn TA, Boucher B. Preparticipation screening—the sports physical therapy perspective. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013;8(2):180–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Galanti G, Stefani L, Liverani L, Gensini GF. Pre-participation assessment in young athletes: a state affair. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7(5):403–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR. Cervical spine injuries in the athlete. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(9):e122–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Al-Shaaibi K, Kariyattil R. Delayed transient post-traumatic quadriplegia. Oman Med J. 2015;30(2):135–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Aebli N, Wicki AG, Rüegg TB, Petrou N, Eisenlohr H, Krebs J. The Torg-Pavlov ratio for the prediction of acute spinal cord injury after a minor trauma to the cervical spine. Spine J. 2013;13(6):605–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Nathanson AT, Young JM, Young C. Pre-participation medical evaluation for adventure and wilderness watersports. Wilderness Environ Med. 2015;26(4 Suppl):S55–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Leischik R, Dworrak B, Foshag P, Strauss M, Spelsberg N, Littwitz H, Horlitz M. Pre-participation and follow-up screening of athletes for endurance sport. J Clin Med Res. 2015;7(6):385–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Sharma S, Merghani A, Gati S. Cardiac screening of young athletes prior to participation in sports: difficulties in detecting the fatally flawed among the fabulously fit. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(1):125–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Caswell SV, Cortes N, Chabolla M, Ambegaonkar JP, Caswell AM, Brenner JS. State-specific differences in school sports preparticipation physical evaluation policies. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zychowicz ME. Pre-participation physical evaluations for athletes. Nurse Pract. 2012;37(11):41–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Baptista CA, Foronda A, Baptista Lde P. Competitive sports for children and adolescents: should an electrocardiogram be required in the pre-participation physical examination? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(2):188–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Greydanus DE, Patel DR, Luckstead EF, Pratt HD. Value of sports pre-participation examination in health care for adolescents. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10(9):RA204–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Mitchell JH, Haskell W, Snell P, Van Camp SP. Task Force 8: classification of sports. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(8):1364–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol. 2012;2(2):1143–211.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Ross R, Janssen I. Physical activity, total and regional obesity: dose–response considerations. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:S521–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Viner RT, Harris M, Berning JR, et al. Energy availability and dietary patterns of adult male and female competitive cyclists with lower than expected bone mineral density. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25:594–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad—relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:491–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends_text/en/.

  46. Iliffe S, Kendrick D, Morris R, Masud T, Gage H, Skelton D, Dinan S, Bowling A, Griffin M, Haworth D, Swanwick G, Carpenter H, Kumar A, Stevens Z, Gawler S, Barlow C, Cook J, Belcher C. Multicentre cluster randomised trial comparing a community group exercise programme and home-based exercise with usual care for people aged 65 years and over in primary care. Health Technol Assess. 2014;18(49):vii–xxvii, 1–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Leyk D, Sievert A. The effect of training on performance and health in middle age. Herz. 2012;37:493–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee DC, Pate RR, Lavie CJ, et al. Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:472–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Changes in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men. Lancet. 1998;351:1603–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Leon AS, Connett J, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The multiple risk factor intervention trial. JAMA. 1987;258:2388–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006;296(13):1593–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kim JH, Malhotra R, Chiampas G, d’Hemecourt P, Troyanos C, Cianca J, Smith RN, Wang TJ, Roberts WO, Thompson PD, Baggish AL. Race Associated Cardiac Arrest Event Registry (RACER) Study Group. Cardiac arrest during long-distance running races. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):130–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Balady GJ, Chaitman B, Driscoll D, Foster C, Froelicher E, Gordon N, Pate R, Rippe J, Bazzarre T. Recommendations for cardiovascular screening, staffing, and emergency policies at health/fitness facilities. Circulation. 1998;97(22):2283–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Maron BJ, Araújo CG, Thompson PD, Fletcher GF, de Luna AB, Fleg JL, Pelliccia A, Balady GJ, Furlanello F, Van Camp SP, Elosua R, Chaitman BR, Bazzarre TL, World Heart Federation, International Federation of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Recommendations for preparticipation screening and the assessment of cardiovascular disease in masters athletes: an advisory for healthcare professionals from the working groups of the World Heart Federation, the International Federation of Sports Medicine, and the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Circulation. 2001;103(2):327–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Warburton DER, Jamnik VK, Bredin SSD, Gledhill N. PAR-Q+ research collaboration the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q+) and electronic physical activity readiness medical examination (ePARmed-X+). Health Fitness J Can. 2011;4(2):3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Borjesson M, Urhausen A, Kouidi E, et al. Cardiovascular evaluation of middle-aged/senior individuals engaged in leisure-time sport activities: position stand from the sections of exercise physiology and sports cardiology of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011;18:446–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Hegele RA. 2012 update of the Canadian cardiovascular society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:151–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Morrison BN, McKinney J, Isserow S, Lithwick D, Taunton J, Nazzari H, De Souza AM, Heilbron B, Cater C, MacDonald M, Hives BA, Warburton DER. Assessment of cardiovascular risk and preparticipation screening protocols in masters athletes: the Masters Athlete Screening Study (MASS): a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4(1):e000370. Published online 2018 Aug 9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Blauwet CA, et al. Risk of injuries in paralympic track and field differs by impairment and event discipline: a prospective cohort study at the London 2012 paralympic games. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(6):1455–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Bertoli S, Battezzati A, Merati G, et al. Nutritional status and dietary patterns in disabled people. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2006;16(2):100–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Sérgio Rocha Piedade & Rodrigo Kallas Zogiab

  2. Department of Radiology, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Daniel Miranda Ferreira

  3. Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Mario Ferreti Filho

  4. Hospital Universitario Joan XXII de Tarragona, Cataluña, Spain

    Ivan Córcoles Martínez

  5. Trauma and Orthopedic Department, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Petersburg, Russia

    Vitaliy Zayats

  6. University Lyon 1, Lyon, France

    Philippe Neyret

Authors
  1. Sérgio Rocha Piedade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel Miranda Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mario Ferreti Filho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rodrigo Kallas Zogiab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ivan Córcoles Martínez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Vitaliy Zayats
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Philippe Neyret
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sérgio Rocha Piedade .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Orthopedics and Traumatology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas / Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Sérgio Rocha Piedade

  2. Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, University of Munich (TUM), München, Bayern, Germany

    Andreas B. Imhoff

  3. Ascot Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand

    Mark Clatworthy

  4. Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, Vila Clementino - São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Moises Cohen

  5. Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre, Clínica do Dragão, Porto, Portugal

    João Espregueira-Mendes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 ISAKOS

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Piedade, S.R. et al. (2019). Pre-participation Evaluation in Sports Practice. In: Rocha Piedade, S., Imhoff, A., Clatworthy, M., Cohen, M., Espregueira-Mendes, J. (eds) The Sports Medicine Physician. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10433-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10433-7_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10432-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10433-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation