Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spine Injuries

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Sports Medicine Physician

  • 2384 Accesses

Abstract

Spine injuries are not only related to professional sports but also to recreational ones, and they can occur during competitions and training. The main mechanisms to these injuries in sports practice are the direct trauma of a specific anatomical structure or supraphysiological stress on the spine. Cervical, lumbar, and thoracolumbar spines are the anatomical sites where lesions can occur in sports practice; but the latter is the most affected and represents 10% of all injuries caused by sports. Most of them are produced by low-energy trauma which, in turn, results in complete rehabilitation without sequelae. However, spine injuries can also cause significant injuries that involve the spinal cord and nerve roots, and, therefore, there are potentially dangerous sequelae such as tetraplegia. High-energy trauma to the spine is more prevalent in sports such as football, ice hockey, wrestling, diving, skiing, rugby, and motorized sports which have a greater risk of developing serious injuries. Consequently, spine injuries in sports present a broad clinical spectrum ranging from non-specific low back pain to paraplegia. In this chapter, spinal injuries during sports practice are described; their biomechanical, epidemiologic, and anatomic aspects are studied as well as the athletes’ rehabilitation and return to play.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tall RL, De Vault W. Spinal injury in sport: epidemiologic considerations. Clin Sports Med. 1993;12(3):441–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Powell JW, Barber-Foss KD. Injury patterns in selected high school sports: a review of the 1995-1997 seasons. J Athl Train. 1999;34(3):277–84.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Barile A, Limbucci N, Splendiani A, Gallucci M, Masciocchi C. Spinal injury in sport. Eur J Radiol. 2007;62(1):68–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Leone A, Cianfoni A, Cerase A, Magarelli N, Bonomo L. Lumbar spondylolysis: a review. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40:683–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Katz DA, Scerpella TA. Anterior and middle column thoracolumbar spine injuries in young female gymnasts. Report of seven cases and review of the literature. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:611–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. De Palma MJ, Slipman CW, Siegelman E, Bayruns TJ, Bhargava A, Frey ME, Chin KR. Interspinous bursitis in an athlete. J Bone Joint Surg. 2004;86(7):1062–4.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Rouseau MA, Pascal-Moussellard H, Bellefqih S, Zeitoun D, Saillant G. Acute paralyzing sciatica due to traumatic lumbar disc herniation in grass hockey player. Eur J Trauma. 2005;6:590–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bottini E, Poggi EJ, Luzuriaga F, Secin FP. Incidence and nature of the most common rugby injuries sustained in Argentina (1991-1997). Br J Sports Med. 2000;34:94–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. McCoy GF, Piggot J, Macafee AL, AdairI V. Injuries of the cervical spine in schoolboy rugby football. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66:500–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Scher AT. Catastrophic rugby injuries of the spinal cord: changing patterns of injury. Br J Sports Med. 1991;25:57–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Sénégas J. Traumatisme grave du rachis cervical chez le rugbyman. Sports Med. 1997;92:36–9.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wetzler MJ, Akpata T, Laughlin W, Levy AS. Occurrence of cervical spine injuries during the rugby scrum. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:177–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Warren WL, Baisel JE. On the field evaluation of athletic neck injury. Clin Sports Med. 1998;17:99–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ellis JL, Gottlieb JE. Return-to-play decisions after cervical spine injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007;6(1):56–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Concannon LG, Harrast MA, Herring SA. Radiating upper limb pain in the contact sport athlete: an update on transient quadriparesis and stingers. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(1):28–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Vaccaro AR, Klein GR, Ciccoti M, Pfaff WL, Moulton MJR, Hilibrand AJ, Watkins B. Return to play criteria for the athlete with cervical spine injuries resulting in stinger and transient quadriplegia/paresis. Spine. 2002;2(5):351–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Herkowitz HN, Garfin SR, Eismont FJ, Bell GR, Balderston RA. Rothman-Simeone the spine: expert consult. E-book, vol. 1. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Meyer SA, Schulte KR, Callaghan JJ, et al. Cervical spinal stenosis and stingers in collegiate football players. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:158–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Albright JP, McAuley E, Martin RK, Crowley ET, Foster DTY. Head and neck injuries in college football: an eight-year analysis. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13:147–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Albright JP, VanGilder J, El Khoury GY, et al. Head and neck injuries in sports. In: Scott WN, Nisonson B, Nicholas JA, editors. Principles of sports medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1984. p. 40–86.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bergfeld JA, Hershman E, Wilbourn A. Brachial plexus injury in sports: a five year follow-up. Orthop Trans. 1988;12:743–4.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Clancy WG Jr, Brand RL, Bergfield JA. Upper trunk brachial plexus injuries in contact sports. Am J Sports Med. 1977;5:209–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Funk FF, Wells RE. Injuries of the cervical spine in football. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;109:50–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rockett FX. Observations on the “burner”: traumatic cervical radiculopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;164:18–9.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Speer KP, Bassett FH 3rd. The prolonged burner syndrome. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:591–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Watkins RG. Neck injuries in football players. Clin Sports Med. 1986;5:215–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Eismont FJ, Clifford S, Goldberg M, Green B. Cervical sagittal spinal canal size in spine injury. Spine. 1984;9:663–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Quan D, Bird SJ. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography in the evaluation of peripheral nerve injuries. Univ PA Orthop J. 1999;12:45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Seddon HJ. Three types of nerve injuries. Brain. 1943;66:237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Sunderland SA. A classification of peripheral nerve injuries producing loss of function. Brain. 1951;74:491–516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Castro FP Jr, Ricciardi J, Brunet ME, Busch MT, Whitecloud TS 3rd. Stingers, the Torg ratio, and the cervical spine. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:603–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Torg JS, Pavlov H, Genuario SE, Sennett B, Wisneski RJ, Robie BH, Jahre C. Neurapraxia of the cervical spinal cord with transient quadriplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:1354–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Harvey J, Tanner S. Low back pain in young athletes. A practical approach. Sports Med. 1991;12:394–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Khan N, Husain S, Haak M. Thoracolumbar injuries in the athlete. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2008;16:16–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ciullo JV, Jackson DW. Pars interarticularis stress reaction, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis in gymnasts. Clin Sports Med. 1985;4:95–110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gallo RA, Reitman RD, Altman DT, Altman GT, Jones CB, Chapman JR. Flexion-distraction injury of the thoracolumbar spine during squat exercise with the smith machine. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1962–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Herkowitz HN, Garfin SR, Eismont FJ, Bell GR, Balderston RA. Rothman-Simeone the spine: expert consult. E-book, vol. 1. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cyron BM, Hutton WC. The fatigue strength of the lumbar neural arch in spondylolysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:234–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Herman MJ, Pizzutillo PD, Cavalier R. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the child and adolescent athlete. Orthop Clin North Am. 2003;34:461–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jackson DW, Wiltse LL, Cirincoine RJ. Spondylolysis in the female gymnast. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;117:68–73.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Soler T, Calderon C. The prevalence of spondylolysis in the Spanish elite athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:57–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Berk RH. Lumbar spine injuries in pediatric and adolescent athletes. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2004;38(suppl 1):S58–63.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wimberly RL, Lauerman WC. Spondylolisthesis in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21:133–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Teitz CC, Cook DM. Rehabilitation of neck and low back injuries. Clin Sports Med. 1985;4:455–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Burkus JK, Lonstein JE, Winter RB, Denis E. Long-term evaluation of adolescents treated operatively for spondylolisthesis: a comparison of in situ arthrodesis only with in situ arthrodesis and reduction followed by immobilization in a cast. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:693–704.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Beggs I, Addison J. Posterior vertebral rim fractures. Br J Radiol. 1998;71:567–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sassmannshausen G, Smith BG. Back pain in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21:121–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Martinez-Lage JF, Poza M, Arcas P. Avulsed lumbar vertebral rim plate in an adolescent: trauma or malformation? Childs Nerv Syst. 1998;14:131–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Skobowytsh-Okolot B. “Posterior apophysis” in L.IV—the cause of neuroradicular disturbance. Acta Orthop Scand. 1962;32:341–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Dietemann JL, Runge M, Badoz A, Dosch JC, Beaujeux R, Bonneville JF, Wackenheim A. Radiology of posterior lumbar apophyseal ring fractures: report of 13 cases. Neuroradiology. 1988;30:337–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Dang L, Liu Z. A review of current treatment for lumbar disc herniation in children and adolescents. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:205–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Keller RH. Traumatic displacement of the cartilaginous vertebral rim: a sign of intervertebral disc prolapse. Radiology. 1974;110:21–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lippit A. Fracture of the vertebral body end plate and disk protrusion causing subarachnoid block in an adolescent. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;11:112–5.

    Google Scholar 

  54. DeLuca PF, Mason DE, Weiand R, Howard R, Bassett GS. Excision of herniated nucleus pulposus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14:318–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Comstock RD, Knox C, Gilchrist J. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Sports-related injuries among high school athletes—United States, 2005-06 school year. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(38):1037–40.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Mall NA, Buchowski J, Zebala L, Brophy RH, Wright RW, Matava MJ. Spine and axial skeleton injuries in the National Football League. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:1755–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Olson D, Sikka RS, Labounty A, Christensen T. Injuries in professional football. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013;12(6):381–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Gray BL, Buchowski JM, Bumpass DB, Lehman RA Jr, Mall NA, Matava MJ. Disc herniations in the national football league. Spine. 2013;38(22):1934–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Proctor MR, Cantu RC. Head and neck injuries in young athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2000;19:693–715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Iwamoto J, Abe H, Tsukimura Y, Wakano K. Relationship between radiographic abnormalities of lumbar spine and incidence of low back pain in high school and college football players: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(3):781–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ekstrom RA, Donatelli R, Carp K. Electromyographic analysis of core trunk, hip, and thigh muscles during 9 rehabilitation exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(12):754–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Torg JS, Vegso JJ, Sennett B, Das M. The National Football Head and neck injury registry. 14-year report on cervical quadriplegia, 1971 through 1984. JAMA. 1985;254:3439–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tagliabue P. Tackling concussions in sports. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:796.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. NFL Head, Neck & Spine Committee. Protocols regarding diagnosis and management of concussion. New York: National Football League; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Boden BP, Tacchetti RL, Cantu RC, Knowles SB, Mueller FO. Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in high school and college football players. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1223–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Torg JS, Corcoran TA, Thibault LE, Pavlov H, Sennett BJ, Naranja RJ Jr, Priano S. Cervical cord neurapraxia: classification, pathomechanics, morbidity, and management guidelines. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:843–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Torg JS, Naranja RJ Jr, Pavlov H, Galinat BJ, Warren R, Stine RA. The relationship of developmental narrowing of the cervical spinal canal to reversible and irreversible injury of the cervical spinal cord in football players. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:1308–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Torg JS, Guille JT, Jaffe S. Injuries to the cervical spine in American football players. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84-A:112–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Palmer-Green DS, Stokes KA, Fuller CW, England M, Kemp SP, Trewartha G. Match injuries in English youth academy and schools rugby union: an epidemiological study. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:749–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kaplan KM, Goodwillie A, Strauss EJ, Rosen JE. Rugby injuries: a review of concepts and current literature. Bull NYU Hosp Joint Dis. 2008;66(2):86–93.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Patricios JS. Rugby contact and collisions—clinical challenges of a global game. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014;13(5):326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. International Rugby Board. Available at www.irb.com. Accessed 27 Jul 2006.

  73. Bishop PJ. Factors related to quadriplegia in football and the implications for intervention strategies. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:235–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Iwamoto J, Abe H, Tsukimura Y, et al. Relationship between radiographic abnormalities of lumbar spine and incidence of low back pain in high school rugby players: a prospective study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15:163–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bennett DL, Nassar L, DeLano MC. Lumbar spine MRI in the elite-level female gymnast with low back pain. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:503–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fuller CW, Brooks JHM, Kemp SPT. Spinal injuries in Professional Rugby Union: a prospective cohort study. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(1):10–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Hind K, Birrell F, Beck B. Prevalent morphometric vertebral fractures in professional male rugby players. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97427.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Quarrie KL, Cantu RC, Chalmers DJ. Rugby union injuries to the cervical spine and spinal cord. Sports Med. 2002;32(10):633–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HC. Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries: a review of concepts. Sports Med. 1992;14(2):82–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kew T, Noakes TD, Kettles AN, Goedeke RE, Newton DA, Scher AT. A retrospective study of spinal cord injuries in Cape Province rugby players, 1963- 1989: incidence, mechanisms and prevention. S Afr Med J. 1991;80(3):127–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Scher AT. Rugby injuries to the cervical spinal cord [letter]. S Afr Med J. 1980;57(2):37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Taylor TK, Coolican MR. Spinal-cord injuries in Australian footballers, 1960-1985. Med J Aust. 1987;147(3):112–3, 116-8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Jenner J, Scopes J, Yates D. Rugby injuries to the cervical cord [letter]. BMJ. 1979:193.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Kuster D, Gibson A, Abboud R, Drew T. Mechanisms of cervical spine injury in rugby union: a systematic review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(8):550–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Dunn RN, van der Spuy D. Rugby and cervical spine injuries–has anything changed? A 5-year review in the Western Cape. S Afr Med J. 2010;100(4):235–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. McCurdie I, Smith S, Bell PH, Batt ME. Tennis injury data from The Championships, Wimbledon, from 2003 to 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(7):607–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Hielm N, Werner S, Renstrom P. Injury profile in junior tennis players: a prospective two year study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(6):845–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Campbell A, O’Sullivan P, Straker L, Elliott B, Reid M. Back pain in tennis players: a link with lumbar serve kinematics and range of motion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(2):351–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Campbell A, Straker L, O’Sullivan P, Elliott B, Reid M. Lumbar loading in the elite adolescent tennis serve: a link to low back pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(8):1562–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Alyas F, Turner M, Connell D. MRI findings in the lumbar spine of asymptomatic adolescent elite tennis players. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(11):836–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. McBeth PB, Ball CG, Mulloy RH, Kirkpatrick AW. Alpine ski and snowboarding traumatic injuries: incidence, injury patterns, and risk factors for 10 years. Am J Surg. 2009;197(5):560–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Reid DC, Saboe L. Spine fractures in winter sports. Sports Med. 1989;7(6):393–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Boden BP, Prior C. Catastrophic spine injuries in sports. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2005;4(1):45–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Grabara M. Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes. Biol Sport. 2015;32(1):79–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kulling FA, Florianz H, Reepschläger B, Gasser J, Jost B, Lajtai G. High prevalence of disc degeneration and spondylolysis in the lumbar spine of professional beach volleyball players. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014;2(4):2325967114528862.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Hetsroni I, Mann G, Dolev E, Morgenstern D, Nyska M. Clay Shoveler’s fracture in a volleyball player revealing an unusual source of pain. Phys Sports Med. 2005;33(7):38–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Slankamenac P, Jesic A, Avramov P, Zivanovis Z, Covic S, Till V. Multiple cervical artery dissection in a volleyball player. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(8):1024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Purcell LK, Leblanc CM. Boxing participation by children and adolescents: a joint statement with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Paediatr Child Health. 2012;17:39–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Schwartz MB. Medical safety in boxing: administrative, ethical, legislative, and legal considerations. Clin Sports Med. 2009;28:505–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Scott I. Youth boxing ban in some Australian jurisdictions. Inj Prev. 1999;5:77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Hart MG, Trivedi RA, Hutchinson PJ. Boxing sparring complicated by an acute subdural haematoma and brainstem haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg. 2012;26:776–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Porter M, O’Brien M. Incidence and severity of injuries resulting from amateur boxing in Ireland. Clin J Sport Med. 1996;6:97–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Zazryn T, Cameron P, McCrory P. A prospective cohort study of injury in amateur and professional boxing. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:670–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Siewe J, Rudat J, Zarghooni K, Sobottke R, Eysel P, Herren C, Knöll P, Illgner U, Michael J. Injuries in competitive boxing. A prospective study. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(3):249–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Potter MR, Snyder AJ, Smith GA. Boxing injuries presenting to US emergency departments, 1990–2008. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(4):462–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR. Cervical spine injuries in the athlete. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(9):e122–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Donatelli R, Dimond D, Holland M. Sport-specific biomechanics of spinal injuries in the athlete (throwing athletes, rotational sports, and contact-collision sports). Clin Sports Med. 2012;31(3):381–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Posner M, Cameron KL, Wolf JM, Belmont PJ Jr, Owens BD. Epidemiology of major league baseball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(8):1676–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Singh H, et al. Lumbar hyperextension in baseball pitching: a potential cause of spondylolysis. J Appl Biomech. 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Wasser JG, Zaremski JL, Herman DC, Vincent HK. Assessment and rehabilitation of chronic low back pain in baseball: part II. Res Sports Med. 2017;25(2):231–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Selhorst M, Fischer A, MacDonald J. Prevalence of spondylolysis in symptomatic adolescent athletes: an assessment of sport risk in nonelite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Wasser JG, Zaremski JL, Herman DC, Vincent HK. Prevalence and proposed mechanisms of chronic low back pain in baseball: part I. Res Sports Med. 2017;25(2):219–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Garet M, Reiman MP, Mathers J, Sylvan J. Nonoperative treatment in lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: a systematic review. Sports Health. 2013;5(3):225–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Panteliadis P, Nagra NS, Edwards KL, Behrbalk E, Boszczyk B. Athletic population with spondylolysis: review of outcomes following surgical repair or conservative management. Global Spine J. 2016;6(6):615–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Debnath UK, Freeman BJ, Gregory P, de la Harpe D, Kerslake RW, Webb JK. Clinical outcome and return to sport after the surgical treatment of spondylolysis in young athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85(2):244–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Iwamoto J, Sato Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto H. Return to sports activity by athletes after treatment of spondylolysis. World J Orthop. 2010;1(1):26–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Arend JB, Borghuis J, Koen AP, et al. Core muscle response times and postural reactions in soccer players and nonplayers. Med Sci Sports Ex. 2010;10:108–14.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Shah T, Cloke DJ, Rushton S, Shirley MD, Deehan DJ. Lower back symptoms in adolescent soccer players. Predictors of functional recovery. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014;2(4):2325967114529703.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. El Rassi G, Takemitsu M, Woratanarat P, Shah SA. Lumbar spondylolysis in pediatric and adolescent soccer players. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(11):1688–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Aoki H, Kohno T, Fujiya H, Kato H, Yatabe K, Morikawa T, Seki J. Incidence of injury among adolescent soccer players: a comparative study of artificial and natural grass turfs. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(1):1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Cassas KJ, Cassettari-Wayhs A. Childhood and adolescent sports-related overuse injuries. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73:1014–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Purcell L, Micheli LJ. Low back pain in young athletes. Sports Health. 2009;1:212–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Sakai T, Sairyo K, Suzue N, Kosaka H, Yasui N. Incidence and etiology of lumbar spondylolysis: review of the literature. J Orthop Sci. 2010;15(3):281–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Sys J, Michielsen J, Bracke P, Martens M, Verstreken J. Nonoperative treatment of active spondylolysis in elite athletes with normal X-ray findings: literature review and results of conservative treatment. Eur Spine J. 2001;10(6):498–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Herkowitz I, Harry N, et al. Rothman-Simeone the spine E-book: expert consult, vol. 1. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Paulus S, Kennedy DJ. Return to play consideration for cervical spine injuries in athletes. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25:723–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Dailey A, Harrop JS, France JC. High-energy contact sports and cervical spine neuropraxia injuries. Spine. 2010;35:S193–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kepler CK, Vaccaro AR. Injuries and abnormalities of the cervical spine and return to play criteria. Clin Sports Med. 2012;31:499–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Torg JS. Cervical spine injuries and the return to football. Sports Health. 2009;1(5):376–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Spine Surgery Group of the German Hospital “Oswaldo Cruz”, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Elcio Landim, Paulo Tadeu Maia Cavali, Marcelo Italo Risso Neto & Mauricio Coelho Lima

  2. Department of Scoliosis, AACD (Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Elcio Landim, Paulo Tadeu Maia Cavali & Mauricio Coelho Lima

  3. Spine Surgery Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Elcio Landim, Marcelo Italo Risso Neto & Mauricio Coelho Lima

  4. Brazilian Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology, and the Brazilian Spine Society, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Elcio Landim, Paulo Tadeu Maia Cavali, Marcelo Italo Risso Neto & Mauricio Coelho Lima

Authors
  1. Elcio Landim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paulo Tadeu Maia Cavali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marcelo Italo Risso Neto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mauricio Coelho Lima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elcio Landim .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Orthopedics and Traumatology, State University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas / Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Sérgio Rocha Piedade

  2. Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, University of Munich (TUM), München, Bayern, Germany

    Andreas B. Imhoff

  3. Ascot Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand

    Mark Clatworthy

  4. Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, Vila Clementino - São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Moises Cohen

  5. Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre, Clínica do Dragão, Porto, Portugal

    João Espregueira-Mendes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 ISAKOS

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Landim, E., Cavali, P.T.M., Neto, M.I.R., Lima, M.C. (2019). Spine Injuries. In: Rocha Piedade, S., Imhoff, A., Clatworthy, M., Cohen, M., Espregueira-Mendes, J. (eds) The Sports Medicine Physician. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10433-7_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10433-7_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10432-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10433-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation