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Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions

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Abstract

Geopolymers (GPs), also known as alkali-activated aluminosilicates or inorganic polymers, are synthesized from an aluminosilicate source (fly ash, metakaolin, or blast furnace slag) and very alkaline sodium hydroxide and/or silicate. Due to their high compressive strength, acid and fire resistance, GPs are used as construction and coating materials. However, since the structure of GP contains negatively charged Al(III) tetrahedra (balanced by alkali cations), they are feasible ion exchangers. The present chapter is aimed to encapsulate the developments in the field of using GPs for the removal of alkali metals (Li+, K+, Cs+), alkaline earth metals (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+), ammonium ion, and heavy metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+) from water. GPs are the first cementing materials that have remarkable ion exchange capacity. GPs have higher ion exchange/adsorption capacity, but a lower rate of adsorption than their precursors (fly ash, metakaolin,…). Thus, geopolymerization increases the adsorption sites on one hand but imposes kinetics limitations that render GPs slow adsorption. GPs resemble zeolites in respect of cation exchange capacity, high surface area, and thermal stability. However, the synthesis of GPs is easier and inexpensive with lower energy and water demand than zeolite synthesis. The prepared GP could be directly formulated as high compressive strength granules at a low temperature. Since GPs are more acid resistant, they are accessible for regeneration than zeolites, but this issue requires further work.

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Abbreviations

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory

BFS:

Blast furnace slag from iron manufacturing

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity (meq/mol)

EDS:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

FA:

Fly ash from electricity plant employing coal (low calcium, type F)

GP:

Geopolymer

k 2 :

Pseudo-second-order rate constant (g mg−1 min−1)

K L :

Langmuir affinity constant (L mg−1)

MK:

Metakaolin

Q m :

Adsorption capacity (mg g−1)

SEM:

Scanning electron micrographs

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 313, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan

    Bassam I. El-Eswed

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  1. Bassam I. El-Eswed
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Correspondence to Bassam I. El-Eswed .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Inamuddin

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Mohd Imran Ahamed

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Abdullah M. Asiri

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El-Eswed, B.I. (2019). Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions. In: Inamuddin, Ahamed, M., Asiri, A. (eds) Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in the Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10430-6_4

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