Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Circumstellar Family

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Classifying the Cosmos

Part of the book series: Astronomers' Universe ((ASTRONOM))

  • 691 Accesses

Abstract

Debris disks are residual materials observed around stars in the form of a flattened disk after planet formation has taken place. As such, this class is distinguished from protoplanetary disks, such as proplyds that exist before planet formation (P 1), and from circumstellar shells (S 16) formed by mass loss from stars later in stellar evolution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 34.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Mark C. Wyatt, “Evolution of Debris Disks,” ARAA, 46 (2008), 339–383.

  2. 2.

    H. H. Aumann, F. C. Gillett et al., “Discovery of a Shell around Alpha Lyrae,” ApJ Letters, 278 (1984), L23-L27: L23; front page of Washington Post for August 10, 1983, “Satellite Discovers Possible Second Solar System.”

  3. 3.

    “Protoplanetary Systems,” Science, 225 (July 6, 1984), 39; “Infrared Evidence for Protoplanetary Rings around Seven Stars,” Physics Today (May, 1984), 17–20.

  4. 4.

    Smith, B. A. and Terrile, R. J., “A Circumstellar Disk around Beta Pictoris,” Science, 226 (1984), 1421–1424.

  5. 5.

    D. Mouillet et al, “A planet on an inclined orbit as an explanation of the warp in the Beta Pictoris disc,” MNRAS, 292 (1997), 896–904; H. Beust and A. Morbidelli, “Falling Evaporating Bodies as a Clue to Outline the Structure of the β Pictoris Young Planetary System,” Icarus, 143 (2000), 170–188; A.M. Lagrange et al, “A Giant Planet Imaged in the Disk of the Young Star Beta Pictoris,” Science, 329 (2010), 57–59.

  6. 6.

    K. Y. L. Su, G. H. Rieke et al, “The Vega Debris Disk: A Surprise from Spitzer,” ApJ, 628 (2005), 487–500.

  7. 7.

    Lynne A. Hillenbrand et al, “The Complete Census of 70-micron Bright Debris Disks Within ‘The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems’ Spitzer Legacy Survey of Sun-Like Stars,” ApJ, 677 (2008), 630–656.

  8. 8.

    HST Release, January 19, 2006, “Dusty Planetary Disks around two Nearby Stars Resemble Our Kuiper Belt,” http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/05/image/a/; Robert Sanders, UC Berkeley Release, January 19, 2006, “Two new dusty planetary disks may be astrophysical mirrors of our Kuiper Belt,”

    http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/01/19_kuiper.shtml

  9. 9.

    Spitzer Release, December 18, 2003, “Fomalhaut Circumstellar Disk,” http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1100-ssc2003-06i%20-Fomalhaut-Circumstellar-Disk;

    Paul Kalas et al., “Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth,” Science, 322 (2008), 1345–1348; E. Chiang et al., “Fomalhaut’s Debris Disk and Planet: Constraining the Mass of Fomalhaut b from disk Morphology,” ApJ, 693 (2009), 734 ; HST Release November 13, 2008, “Hubble Directly Observes Planet Orbiting Fomalhaut,” http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/39/full/

  10. 10.

    Guillem Anglada et al., “ALMA Discovery of Dust Belts around Proxima Centauri,” ApJ, 850, 5 pp., preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00578

  11. 11.

    C. Leao et al, “The circumstellar envelope of IRC+10216 from milli-arcsecond to arc-minute scales, A & A, 455 (2006), 187–194.

  12. 12.

    K. Young et al, “Circumstellar Shells resolved in IRAS Survey Data. II Analysis. ApJ, 409 (1993), 725–738. See also M. Rowan-Robinson et al., “Models for IRAS observations of circumstellar dust shells around late-type stars,” MNRAS, 222 (1986), 273–286. William Bidelman, The Carbon Stars – An Astrophysical Enigma (1956); Robert D. McClure, “The Carbon and Related Stars,” JRASC, 79 (1985), 277–293.

  13. 13.

    A. J. Deutsch, “The Circumstellar Envelope of Alpha Herculis,” ApJ, 123 (1956), 210; Kenneth Hinkle, “High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Late-Type Circumstellar Shells,” PASP, 95 (1983), 550–555.

  14. 14.

    One set of Hubble Space Telescope observations is reported in Brian Ferguson and Toshiya Ueta, “Differential Proper-Motion Study of the Circumstellar Dust Shell of the Enigmatic Object HD 179821,” ApJ, 711 (2010), 613. Infrared Space Observatory observations are reported in B. F. M. Waters et al., “Mineralogy of Oxygen-rich dust shells,” A &A, 315 (1996), 361–364.

  15. 15.

    Michael Hoskin, “William Herschel’s Early Investigations of Nebulae: A Reassessment,” JHA, vol. X (1979), 165–176. Herschel’s discovery article “On Nebulous Stars, properly so called,” appears in Hoskin, William Herschel and the Construction of the Heavens (London: Oldbourne, 1963), pp. 118–129.

  16. 16.

    William Huggins, “On the Spectra of Some of the Nebulae,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 154 (1864), pp. 437–444.

  17. 17.

    I. S. Bowen, “The origin of the nebular lines and the structure of the planetary nebulae,” ApJ, 67 (1928), 1–15.

  18. 18.

    G. O. Abell and P. Goldreich, “On the Origin of Planetary Nebulae,” PASP, 78 (1966), 232–241; Abell and Goldreich cite I. S. Shklovskii, Astr. Zhurnal USSR, 33 (1956), 315, and C.R. O’Dell, “The Evolution of the Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae,” ApJ, 138 (1963), 67–78.

  19. 19.

    Bruce Balick, “The Shapes of Planetary Nebulae,” American Scientist (July-August, 1996), 342–351; Sun Kwok, The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

  20. 20.

    AAS Nova, “The Curious Case of Planetary Nebulae in Globular Clusters,”

    https://aasnova.org/2017/01/24/the-curious-case-of-planetary-nebulae-in-globular-clusters/

  21. 21.

    HST Release, October 27, 2004, “Stellar Survivor from 1572 A.D. Explosion Supports Supernova Theory,” http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/34/

  22. 22.

    G. W. Ritchey, “Nebulosity about Nova Persei,” ApJ, 14 (1901), 167–168; and “Changes in the Nebulosity about Nova Persei,” ApJ, 14 (1901), 293–294.

  23. 23.

    T. J. O’Brien and M. F. Bode, “Resolved Nebular Remnants,” in Classical Novae, M. F. Bode and A. Evans, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2008), pp. 285–307: 285, including a list of known remnants and an imagery see gallery, pp. 287–289 ff.

  24. 24.

    HST Release, September 30, 1993, “Gas Shell Around Nova Cygni,” http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1993/21/image/a/; HST Release, January 13, 1994, “Hubble Sees Changes in Gas Shell around Nova Cygni 1992,”

    http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1994/06/

  25. 25.

    HST Release, September 18, 1997, “Blobs in Space: The Legacy of a Nova,”

    http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/29/text/

  26. 26.

    Chandra Release, December 17, 2009, “Supernova Explosions Stay in Shape,” http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2009/typingsnrs/

  27. 27.

    David H. Clarke and F. Richard Stephenson, The Historical Supernovae (Pergamon Press: Oxford and New York, 1977) 7, 140–160.

  28. 28.

    John C. Duncan, “Report on the Expansion of the Crab Nebula,” ApJ, 89 (1939), 482–486.

  29. 29.

    Knut Lundmark, “Suspected New Stars Recorded in Old Chronicles and Among Recent Meridian Observations,” PASP, 33 (1921), 225–238; “Was the Crab Nebula formed by a Supernova in 1054 A. D.?,” Professor Östen Bergstrand Vetenskapsmannen Och Läraren. Ägnas Denna Skrift På Hans Sextiofemårsdag, 1 September, 1938, p. 89.

  30. 30.

    N. U. Mayall, “The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova,” ASP Leaflet No. 119 (Jan 1939), 145–154.

  31. 31.

    Walter Baade, “The Crab Nebula,” CMWO (1942), 1–11; J. J. L Duyvendak, “Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part I. The Ancient Oriental Chronicles,” PASP, 54 (1942), 91–94; N. U. Mayall and J. H. Oort, “Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical Aspects,” PASP, 54 (1942), 95–104. R. Minkowski, “The Crab Nebula,” ApJ, 96 (1942), 199–211.

  32. 32.

    Minkowski, “Nonthermal Galactic Radio Sources,” in Nebulae and Interstellar Matter, Stars and Stellar Systems, vol. 7, pp. 623–666: 629. J. Jeff Hester, “The Crab Nebula: An Astrophysical Chimera, ARAA, 46 (2008), 127–155. The historian of science L. Pearce Williams still shows some skepticism with astronomers’ conclusions in his article “The Supernova of 1054: A Medieval Mystery,” in The Analytic Spirit: Essays in the History of Science, ed. Harry Woolf (Cornell, 1981), pp. 329–349.

  33. 33.

    M. Ryle and F.G. Smith, “A new intense source of radio-frequency radiation in the constellation of Cassiopeia,” Nature, 162 (1948), 462–463; W. Baade and R. Minkowski, “Identification of the radio sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus A and Puppis A,” ApJ, 119 (1954), 206-21, including Palomar 200-inch plates of the nebulosity; Sidney van den Bergh and W.W. Dodd, “Optical studies of Cassiopeia A. I: Proper motions in the optical remnant,” ApJ, 162 (1970), 485–493.

  34. 34.

    Craig Heinke and Wynn Ho, “Direct Observation of the Cooling of the Cassiopeia A Neutron Star,” ApJ Letters, 719 (2010), 167–171; NASA Release, February 16, 2010, “NASA’s Fermi Closes on Source of Cosmic Rays,” http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/cosmic-rays-source.html#

  35. 35.

    J. Vink et al, “A New mass estimate and puzzling abundances of SNR Cassiopeia A,” A&A, 307 (1996), L41–44.

  36. 36.

    William B. Ashworth, “A Probable Flamsteed Observation of the Cassiopeia A Supernova,” JHA, 11 (1980), 1–9.

  37. 37.

    For a review of the state of pre-Hubble Space Telescope knowledge see C. J. Lada, “Cold outflows, energetic winds, and enigmatic jets around young stellar objects,” ARAA, 23 (1985), 267–317. The press release for Fig. 9.8 is at HST Release, December 17, 2015, “Stellar Jets,” http://hubblesite.org/image/3656/category/25-stellar-jets

  38. 38.

    S. E. Strom et al., “Infrared and optical observations of Herbig-Haro objects,” ApJ, 191 (1974), 111–142.

  39. 39.

    HST Release, June 6, 1995, “Hubble Observes the Fire and Fury of a Stellar Birth,”

    http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/24/text/; Spitzer Release, September 18, 2008, “Water Hit with Young Star’s Best Shot,” http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/908-feature08-12-Water-Hit-with-Young-Star-s-Best-Shot

  40. 40.

    Fermi Release, February 19, 2009, “NASA’s Fermi Telescope see Most Extreme Gamma-ray Blast Yet;” http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/high_grb.html See also http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0303/24chandra/

  41. 41.

    G. G. Pavlov et al., “The Variable Jet of the Vela Pulsar,” ApJ, 591 (2003), 1157–1171; ChandraRelease, June 30, 2003, “Vela Pulsar Jet: Firehose-Like Jet Observed In Action,”

    http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2003/vela_pulsar/

  42. 42.

    D. H. Clark and P. Murdin, “An unusual emission-line star/X-ray source/radio star, possibly associated with an SNR,” Nature, 276 (1978), 44–45.

  43. 43.

    J. A. Lopez, “Emission Lines from Jets in Planetary Nebulae,” in Emission Lines from Jet Flows, W. J. Henney et al, eds., Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, 13 (2002), 139–144.

  44. 44.

    Mario Livio and Noam Soker, “The ‘Twin Jet’ Planetary Nebula M2-9,” ApJ, 552 (2001), 685–691.

  45. 45.

    Emma T. Whelan et al., “A resolved outflow of matter from a brown dwarf jet,” Nature 435 (2005), 652–654; E. Whelan et al., “Discovery of a Bipolar Outflow from 2MASSW J1207334-393254, a 24 MJup Brown Dwarf,” ApJ, 659 (2007), L45-L48; SAO Release, August 7, 2009, “Jets from a Possible Young Brown Dwarf,” http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2009/su200932.html

  46. 46.

    S. W. Burnham, “Note on Hind’s Variable Nebula in Taurus,” MNRAS, 51 (1890), 94–95.

  47. 47.

    Bo Reipurth and Steve Heathcote, “50 Years of Herbig-Haro Research: From Discovery to HST,” in Bo Reipurth and Claude Bertout, Herbig–Haro Flows and the Birth of Stars (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997), pp. 3–18.

  48. 48.

    V. A. Ambartsumian, Communications of Byurakan Observatory No. 13 (1954); Ambartsumian, “Stars of T Tauri and UV Ceti types and the phenomenon of continuous emission,” in Non-Stable Stars, George H. Herbig, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), p. 177 ff.

  49. 49.

    George H. Herbig, “Draft Catalog of Herbig-Haro Objects,” Lick Observatory Bulletin No. 658 (1974), Reipurth, 1997.

  50. 50.

    J. Bally, J. Morse, and B. Reipurth “The Birth of Stars: Herbig–Haro Jets, Accretion and Proto-Planetary Disks,” in P. Benvenuti, F. D. Macchetto, and E. J. Schreier. Science with the Hubble Space Telescope – II (Space Telescope Science Institute, 1996).

  51. 51.

    Bo Reipurth, “Herbig-Haro Jets and their Role in Star Formation,” European Space Observatory Messenger, 88 (1997), 20–26.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ashburn, VA, USA

    Steven J. Dick

Authors
  1. Steven J. Dick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dick, S.J. (2019). The Circumstellar Family. In: Classifying the Cosmos. Astronomers' Universe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10380-4_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation