Abstract
Our theoretical approach considers cognitive and identity issues relevant to the locational, relational and technology-mediated concept images developed from thematic analyses of contributions in this collection. It probes the extent to which commonalities in these and wider implications for emerging practices and spatial cultures—suggest a means by which alternative outlines of ‘place’ notions could be explored—in terms of contemporary locative, social and identity-generating experiences and constructs? Could an indicative, media-based, ‘Concept Frame’ provide a basis for conceptualising emerging forms of mediated identity in place futures?—If so, what are key features of such a framework, and how might this, and other frames be interrogated, reconfigured and shared across disciplinary boundaries?
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Notes
- 1.
Dana Cuff, “Immanent Domain,” Journal of Architectural Education 57, 57, no. 1 (September 2003): Also Mark Shepard, Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space (Architectural League of New York New York, NY; Cambridge, MA, 2011), pp. 43–49, and Saskia Sassen, “When the Center No Longer Holds: Cities as Frontier Zones,” Cities 34, 34 (October 2013): 67–70.
- 2.
Hall, Stuart. 1980. Encoding, Decoding. Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson.
- 3.
Procter, J. Writing Black Britain 1948–1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Manchester University Press, 2000.
- 4.
Kaplan, S (1973) Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behaviour, in R.M. Downs and D. Stea (Eds.) Image and Environment, Edward Arnold, London.
- 5.
Gibson, J.J. (1977) The Theory of Affordances, in R.Shaw and J. Bransford (Eds) Perceiving, Acting and Knowing, Erlbaum, New Jersey, pgs. 76–82.
- 6.
Varela, F; Thompson, E and Rosch, E (1991) The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, MIT Press, Cambridge.
- 7.
Thompson, E (2001) Empathy and Consciousness Between Ourselves, Journal of Consciousness Studies 8, pgs. 5–7.
- 8.
Andy Clark and David Chalmers, “The Extended Mind,” Analysis 58, 58, no. 1 (1998): 7–19.
- 9.
Pepperell, Robert, “Posthumans and Extended Experience.” Journal of Evolution and Technology—Vol. 14—April 2005, 27–41.
- 10.
O’Regan, J.K. and Noe, A (2001) A Sensorimotor Account of Vision and visual Consciousness, in Behavioural and Brain Sciences 24, pgs 939–1031, cited in Pepperell, Ibid.
- 11.
- 12.
A term initially coined by Goodwin (1978)—on the basis that rules underlying biological patterns, rather than being simply grounded in ‘natural law’, were more likely knowledge embodied from the process of evolution—such that the rules become embedded in their evolved biological material structures. Since systems using knowledge (i.e. useful descriptions of aspects of their environment) are cognitive, biological entities are morphologically, cognitive systems (coding, storing and using knowledge to survive and reproduce in the world.
- 13.
Darlan Meacham, “How Low Can You Go? Bioenactivism, Cognitive Biology and Umwelt Ontology,” Humana. Mente Journal of Philosophical Studies 9, 9, no. 31 (2016): 73–95.) citing Monod’s (1974) studies of proteins changing shape in response to their surrounding environment (or umwelts).
- 14.
Ibid, emphasising that these enacted internal milieu and meaning structures may pre-exist the co-evolved system/organism and umwelt.
- 15.
Di Paolo, Ezequiel “Extended Life,” Topoi 28, 28, no. 1 (2009): p. 14, cited in Meacham, D Op. cit.
- 16.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. The Structure of Behavior. 1967, cited in Luisi, Pier Luigi. “Autopoiesis: A Review and a Reappraisal,” Naturwissenschaften 90, no. 2 (February 2003): 49–59. and in Meacham, D, Op.cit.
- 17.
Mauss (1973), Techniques of the Body. Introduced the notion of habitus as encultured (bodily) behaviour, drawing from his observations of French and American societies.
- 18.
Bourdieu (1980), The logic of Practice. His focus was on the cultural rootedness of collective sets of practices and habits –such that the enculturation of Habitus, serves to link practices (social structures) with cognition (mental structures).
- 19.
Barker, Chris. 2012. Cultural Studies : Theory and Practice. London: London : SAGE.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Barker, Op.Cit.
- 22.
Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age.
- 23.
Ibid, 53 cited in Barker Op. Cit.
- 24.
Hall, S. 1992 “The Question of Cultural Identity” IN: Modernity and Its Futures. Edited by Stuart Hall, David Held, and Anthony G. McGrew. Modernity and Its Futures. Cambridge. Cited in Barker, Op.cit. p 223
- 25.
Hall, ibid. In Barker, ibid. p 224.
- 26.
Barker, 2012, Op. Cit.
- 27.
Hall. Ibid, 277. In Barker Ibid. p 225
- 28.
Hall. S, 1996a, Who needs identity? In Questions of Identity Hall and du Gay (Eds). In Barker ibid. p 225–231.
- 29.
Hill and Dunbar, 2003. Social Network Size in Humans. Positing 150, 500 and 1500 persons in decreasing order of intensity, though this has been critiqued by others (De Ruiter et al. 2011).
- 30.
- 31.
Bhabha. H, 1994, location of culture; cited in Barker, ibid.
- 32.
Pieterse, 1994, Globalisation as hybridisation, cited in Barker, ibid.
- 33.
Mercer, 2013 [1994], Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies, cited in Barker, ibid.
- 34.
Clifford (1992), Travelling Cultures, in Grossberg et al. (Eds) Cultural studies.
- 35.
Brah (1996), Cartographies of Diaspora, 196 in Barker, Op.cit.
- 36.
- 37.
Pieterse, Op. cit.
- 38.
Barker, Op. cit.
- 39.
Bhabha, Op. cit and Brah, Op. cit. The point about European hybridity was earlier highlighted in Chap. 11 of the present collection by Lopez-Marcos.
- 40.
Foucault (2003)
- 41.
41 Hall, Op.cit. 1996 in Barker, Op.cit
- 42.
Hooks (1990)
- 43.
Giddens (1986). The Constitution of Society’ set out Structuration Theory in drawing upon Garfinkel’s 1967 views of social order.
- 44.
Social media notably, though forms of mass print (newspapers) had already begun this process.
- 45.
See for instance, an interview with a prominent critic: Thornhill, John. 2018 “Jaron Lanier on Fighting Big Tech’s ‘Manipulation Engine.’” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/a3ea16f6-7edd-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d.
- 46.
A notable utopian being Kurzweil who promotes a technological ‘singularity’ by 2045, when humans would supposedly be able to download their consciousness into machines—transcending the need for a biological body. Kurzweil, Ray. ‘The Singularity Is Near’. PenguinRandomhouse.Com. Penguin-Random House, 2005.
- 47.
Ruddock, Andy (2017) Exploring Media Research. SAGE Publications Ltd. London: Sage.
- 48.
Hepp, Andreas (2013) Cultures of Mediatization. John Wiley & Sons, cited in Ibid.
- 49.
Hall 1980 Encoding/Decoding. Op. Cit; cited in Hepp, Ibid.
- 50.
Hjavard, 2013, cited in Ruddock, Op. Cit.
- 51.
Ruddock, Ibid.
- 52.
Card, O. S. (1990). How to write science fiction and fantasy (new ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books.
- 53.
Jenkins, H. (2003). Transmedia storytelling.
- 54.
Jenkins, Feb 8, 2010; cited in (Lacasa and Jenkins 2013) Learning in Real and Virtual Worlds.
- 55.
Jenkins (2008)
- 56.
See V.W.O. Quine’s thesis (Quine 1970) of the risks of ‘indeterminacy of translation’ of word-concepts between non-cognate languages—And that this has very likely contributed to non-European cultures being considered irrational—from translators’ misunderstanding the indigenous logic underpinning non-European concepts, which seem illogical in relation to seemingly comparable words in the translator’s language. Philosophers Hallen and Sodipo’s (1997) test of Quine’s theory amongst the Yoruba people in a Nigerian village setting, found it to be consistent with their findings of more critically-empirical Yoruba epistemic concepts than previously realised. It is the only indigenous discourse analysis of an African knowledge system using an Anglo-American analytical philosophical framework, on questions of Yoruba epistemology—revealing how knowledge is conceived and communicated in an oral culture. And how this set ‘broadcasting standards’ for everyday speech.
- 57.
Ruddock, 2017, Op. Cit.
- 58.
See Carpentier, 2011, Contextualising Author-Audience Convergences, Cultural Studies 25, no. 4–5 (September): 517–33. And Hay, James, and Nick Couldry. “Rethinking Convergence/Culture,” Cultural Studies 25, no. 4–5 (September): 473–86.
- 59.
Zemeckis, Robert. Beowulf. Motion capture. California: Warner Bros, 2007 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0442933/.
- 60.
Branagh, Kenneth (Director) & Feige (Producer). Thor. 3D Film. California: Marvel Studios; Paramount Pictures, 2011. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0800369/.
- 61.
Jenkins, H., and Deuze, M. (2008). Editorial: Convergence culture. Convergence, 14(1), 5–12.
- 62.
Carpentier, 2011; Ibid. Hay and Couldry, 2011. Rethinking Convergence Culture.
- 63.
Akin to the lists of ‘intangible cultural heritage’ identified by Unesco (https://ich.unesco.org/ accessed 23-4-2019).
- 64.
Lanier, Jaron. Who Owns the Future? Simon and Schuster, 2014.
- 65.
Bhabha, Homi K. (1994; 2004). The Location of Culture. Abingdon: Routledge.
- 66.
Oldenburg, Ray (1991). The Great Good Place. New York: Marlowe & Company. Oldenburg, Ray (2000). Celebrating the Third Place: Inspiring Stories about the "Great Good Places" at the Heart of Our Communities. New York: Marlowe & Company.
- 67.
Soukup. C, Computer-mediated communication as a virtual third place: building Oldenburg’s great good places on the world wide web.
- 68.
Soja, E, 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1996.
- 69.
Foucault (1971)
- 70.
Harris, J April 3rd 2019, Street battle: the activists fighting to save their neighbourhood from the tech giants, The Guardian.
- 71.
Lefebvre. H, 1991. Op.cit.
- 72.
Namely, landscape designers, architects, urban planners and urban designers, as well as surveyors, real estate (realtors)—but less so for construction and civil engineers.
- 73.
Old Roman expression, referring to ‘the spirit of a place’–a key concept in architectural, urban and environmental phenomenology approaches.
- 74.
See Savills; Valuing Sustainable Urbanism, 2007; and Quelch and Jocz (2012). ‘All Business is local: Why Place Matters More Than Ever in a Global, Virtual World’.
- 75.
Quelch and Jocz, Op.Cit.
- 76.
Drawing upon Merleau-Ponty’s (1962, 1964) focus on the primacy of perception in the body’s experiences, subsequently tracing how this led to objectification.
- 77.
Csordas, 1994, p12. Embodiment and Experience—cited in Low, 2003 Embodied Spaces: Anthropological Theories of Body, Space and Culture.
- 78.
Low. S, Ibid, p10.
- 79.
Douglas (1970) ‘Natural symbols: Explorations in Cosmologies’; Sherpa-Hughes and Lock, 1987 The mindful body: A prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology; O’Neil, 1985 Five bodies: The shape of modern society, cited in Low, Ibid.
- 80.
Pandya, 1990, Movement and space: Andamanese cartography cited in Low, Op. cit.
- 81.
Lefebvre et al., 1991,Critique of everyday life: Foundations for a sociology of the everyday.
- 82.
Munn, 1996. Excluded spaces: The figure in the Australian Aboriginal landscape. cited in Low, Op. cit.
- 83.
2001.
- 84.
Rockefeller, 2001. Where are you going: Work, power and movement in the Bolivian Andes. cited in Low, Ibid.
- 85.
Park, Giyoung, and Gary W. Evans. “Lynch’s Elements of the City in the Digital Era,” Journal of the American Planning Association 84, 84, no. 3–4 (October 2, 2018): 276–78.
- 86.
Lynch. K, 1960. The Image of the City.
- 87.
Fattahi and Kobayashi, 2009. City Imaging after Kevin Lynch. Park and Evans, Op.cit.; Offenhuber and Ratti (2012). Reading the City—Reconsidering Kevin Lynch’s Notion of Legibility in the Digital Age. Al-ghamdi and Al-Harigi (2015). Rethinking Image of the City in the Information Age. McConnell, 2016. How 1960 s Urban Planning Principles Influenced Digital Products, Services and Connected Spaces. Chayka, 2016. Welcome to Airspace: How Silicon Valley helps spread the same sterile aesthetic across the world.
- 88.
Park and Evans, Op. cit.
- 89.
Ibid.
- 90.
See Fajnerová et al. (2018). Could Prolonged Usage of GPS Navigation Implemented in Augmented Reality Smart Glasses Affect Hippocampal Functional Connectivity? Which found that externalization of spatial navigation to technological device (GPS in AR glasses) can decrease the functional coupling between hippocampus and associated brain regions. See also Lanier, Op. Cit. an early virtual reality pioneer now warning against web manipulation.
- 91.
For a noted technophile see Kurzweil, Ray (1990), The Age of Intelligent Machines, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- 92.
Alzheimer’s Society 2019. “Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease.” https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/alzheimers-disease-symptoms.
- 93.
Alzheimer’s Society. “Young-Onset Dementia.” https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/younger-people-with-dementia.
- 94.
Clark and Chalmers, 1998 (Op.Cit.).
- 95.
Mattern (2015)
- 96.
de Waal 2014. The City as Interface: Digital Media and the Urban Public Sphere.
- 97.
Gibbs (2018)
- 98.
Hill, D. 2016. The Hackable City Webpage—In the Media: Dan Hill on Future Trajectories for European Urbanism.
- 99.
de Waal, M. 2019. Martijn de Waal: New Media and Public Space—Smart Cities? Public Code!, Website; and Foundation for Public Code. 2019. website.
- 100.
de Waal, M et al., 2018. The Hackable city Cahier#1: The Hackable City—A model for Collaborative City making. Based on The Hackable City: Collaborative Citymaking in urban living project. The Mobile City and Once Architecture.
- 101.
- 102.
Nimmo (2011)
- 103.
Castells, Manuel. The Network Society A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Edward Elgar, 2004.
- 104.
Castells, Manuel. Space of Flows, Space of Places: Materials for a Theory of Urbanism in the Information Age. The City Reader. Routledge.
- 105.
McConnell, Allen R. (2011) “The Multiple Self-Aspects Framework: Self-Concept Representation and Its Implications,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 15, 15, no. 1: 3–27.
- 106.
Ibid.
- 107.
Butler, Judith 2006 Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity.New York: Routledge.
- 108.
Barth, Fredrik (1989) ‘The Analysis of Culture in Complex Societies’, Ethnos, 54, 120–142, 132.
- 109.
Scholte, Jan Aart 2005 Globalization: a critical introduction (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,), 253.
- 110.
Merleau Ponty, Maurice (1962) Phenomenology of Perception. English Translation. Colin Smith. Cited in Meacham, 2016, Op. Cit.
- 111.
Lanier, Jaron. (2006) “Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism,” The Edge 183, 183, no. 30: 2.
- 112.
Green, Alison et al. “Facts about Our Ecological Crisis Are Incontrovertible. We Must Take Action.” The Guardian. October 26, 2018.
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Olson (2011) “The Extended Self”.
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Rockström, J, W Steffen, K Noone, and M Scheffer. (2009) “A Safe Operating Space for Humanity,” Nature 461, 461, no. 7263: 472–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a. And Rockström, Johan, Will Steffen, Kevin Noone, Åsa Persson, F. Stuart Chapin, Eric Lambin, Timothy M. Lenton, et al. (2009) “Planetary Boundaries,” Ecology and Society 14, 14, no. 2 (December 1): 32.
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Odeleye, N.D., Rajendran, L.P. (2020). Mediated Identities in the Futures of Place—Towards a Conceptual Frame?. In: Rajendran, L., Odeleye, N. (eds) Mediated Identities in the Futures of Place: Emerging Practices and Spatial Cultures. Springer Series in Adaptive Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06237-8_15
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