Abstract
The disciplines of architecture, media studies, urban design, city planning, lighting design, digital design, urban studies, and art represented here, apply a range of paradigms and methods in addressing media-related phenomena. Such diversity makes a critical synthesis both stimulating from a perspective of reflecting on some relatively unfamiliar approaches, and also challenging due to the disparate discourses they each represent. This chapter undertakes analytical summaries of contributions within the three sections, with section overviews synthesising conclusions through a number of key themes arising from the chapter findings and propositions—First, these include the multiple roles that locative media interfaces (both interactive and passive forms) seem to play in individuals’ interactions with a range of places at varying scales, and their perceptions of its value. The considerations of how ‘framing’—of observation, and of contents—effects either more specific or habitual adoption of these media also recurred in a number of guises. Secondly, in terms of how social-media interfaces with spatial representations, the findings and propositions advanced here, also suggest the potential benefits of gamification interventions and urban props in public spaces, and their required locational /design limitations for effectiveness. An exploration of the level of social interactions facilitated in spaces, used the medium of media screens yielding counter-intuitive results about static versus dynamic locations. The outcomes of multiple applications and platforms in a campus context, appear to be possible outliers in considering both locative and social media (within specific time frames). This was followed by critique of prevailing top-down, data-driven approaches to the ‘smart city’ in terms of the data neutrality, representational agency and scale problems they have engendered, highlighting the limitation of this dominant narrative. In contrasting these with emerging design counter-practices, opportunities for re-purposing (‘hacking’) such data platforms for a more localised, collective, inclusive, and bottom-up, ‘smart-citizenship’ were posed. Thirdly, continuing the focus on technology-mediated public space interventions, the dangers of big-data analyses and practices potentially reinforcing existing spatial regimes and inequalities (and creating new ones) was highlighted. In contrast, a compelling case was made for knowledge-based geopolitics ‘noopolitics’ as a driver of spatial networks—with migrant camps & urban informalities posited as ‘counter-laboratories’ of future liveability. Place as context for lifestyles was highlighted in the demonstration of how brand operators and developments they anchor, use luxury to characterise new identities in the case of Milan. And finally, if as has often been proposed, media trends are leading to us becoming ‘more-than-human’, the issue posed is whether our cities need to become ‘more-than-urban’ in order to usher-in true sustainability—And if so, how might designers help to achieve the needed forms and dynamic actions entailed? We develop concept images visualising these key themes.
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Notes
- 1.
However Jan Gehl’s studies in urban design since the 1970 s, identified a number of environmental conditions for varying intensities of use in publicly accessible spaces, which could help to contextualise Saker’s findings in relation to a possible further effect of locative media on such usage; Jan Gehl, Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space; (London: Island Press, 2011); Jan Gehl, Cities for People (Washington, london: Island press, 2010).
- 2.
A key element of cities’ cultural strategies Thomas A Hutton, Cities and the Cultural Economy (Routledge, 2015).
- 3.
Michael Bhaskar, Curation: The Power of Selection in a World of Excess (London: Piatkus, 2017) examined how the practices of museum curation/‘selection’, now permeate a wide range of creative and media fields.
- 4.
Simona Cavallini et al., “How to Design Cultural Development Strategies to Boost Local and Regional Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage: Overview of Good Practices,” Commission for Social Policy, Education, Employment, Research and Culture (Brussels: European Union: European Committee of the Regions, 2018).
- 5.
Following on from the notion that; “As place is sensed, senses are placed; as places make sense, senses make place” Keith H. Basso and Steven Feld, Senses of Place (Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press, 1996).
- 6.
Rodaway, P. (2002). Sensuous geographies: Body, sense and place. London: Routledge.
- 7.
Andy Clark and David Chalmers, “The Extended Mind,” Analysis 58, 58, no. 1 (1998): 7–19, The ‘extended mind’ thesis posits some thought processes involve deploying external objects/structures, which become an extension of cognition, thus, the mind’s operation is not confined to the brain, or body, but extends into the environment.
- 8.
Ricardo Álvarez and Fábio Duarte, “Spatial Design and Placemaking: Learning From Video Games,” Space and Culture 21 (SAGE Publications Inc, August 1, 2018), 208–32. suggesting spatial designers could in turn learn from the participatory and story practices of game designers.
- 9.
In B. Cannon Ivers, Staging Urban Landscapes, The Activation and Curation of Flexible Public Spaces (Berlin, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 2018), he and his contributors demonstrate the extent of this recent practice in urban design, using international case studies.
- 10.
Termed ‘the public realm’ in urban design discourse and practice O'Sullivan, N. (2009). The concept of the public realm. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 12(2), 117–131. See also Jan Gehl, Cities for People (Washington, london: Island press, 2010) and Kevin Lynch, Tridib Banerjee, and Michael Southworth, City Sense and City Design: Writings & Projects of Kevin Lynch, The MIT Press (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1995).
- 11.
Kim Dovey, Framing Places: Mediating Power in Built Form, Architext Series (London: Routledge, 1999).
- 12.
In parallel it is suggested, with a ‘pre-mediation’ of future events by sections of the mass/broadcast media.
- 13.
Noopolitics is thereby posed by Marcos, as strategies that encompass and produce, spatial transformations (on top of its presumed) ‘soft-mediation’ effects.
- 14.
According to Stig Prof Hjarvard, The Mediatization of Culture and Society (London: Routledge, 2013), kindle 560-563) “Mediation describes the… act of communication by means of a type of media in a specific social context…” (cited in Ruddock, 2017, 83).
- 15.
Mediatisation theory by Hjarvard Ibid. media shapes and frames process of discourse to transform communication and society, although this is contented. See also; Andreas Hepp, Stig Hjarvard, and Knut Lundby, “Mediatization: Theorizing the Interplay between Media, Culture and Society,” Media, culture & society 37, 37, no. 2 (2015): 314–24.
- 16.
Theodore Sturgeon, More Than Human (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1953).
- 17.
[Darlan Meacham, “How Low Can You Go? Bioenactivism, Cognitive Biology and Umwelt Ontology,” Humana.Mente Journal of Philosophical Studies 9, 9, no. 31 (2016): 73–95] also draws upon protein behaviour studies of [Jacques Monod, On Chance and Necessity, ed. Francisco Jose Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky, Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems (London: Macmillan Education UK, 1974), 357–75] and [L. Kováč, “Fundamental Principles of Cognitive Biology,” 6, 2000, 51]—as well as [Ladislav Kovác, “Life, Chemistry and Cognition: Conceiving Life as Knowledge Embodied in Sentient Chemical Systems Might Provide New Insights into the Nature of Cognition,” EMBO Reports 7, 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 562–66] in highlighting ongoing attempts (such as that by [Ezequiel Di Paolo, “Extended Life,” Topoi 28, 28, no. 1 (2009): 9–21] and [Paulo De Jesus, “From Enactive Phenomenology to Biosemiotic Enactivism,” Adaptive Behavior 24, 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 130–46] to extend the applicability of ‘bio-enactive’ ideas across varying phylogenetic levels of biological scale—and even beyond, to include artificial systems, in more recent ‘non-species-specific’, ‘non-bio-chauvinist’ perspectives of cognition.
- 18.
After Shannon Mattern, “Interfacing Urban Intelligence,” Code and the City 49, 49 (2016): 60.
- 19.
After Lucy A. Suchman, Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication (New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1987) cited in Moujan Chap. 13.
- 20.
See Kevin Lynch, Good City Form, The MIT Press (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1984), which set out his criteria for form-based theory and policy.
- 21.
After Eduardo Kohn, How Forests Think: Toward an Anthropology beyond the Human (Univ of California Press, 2013) cited in Moujan, Chap.13.
- 22.
After Andrew Pickering, The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future (University of Chicago Press, 2010) cited in Moujan, Ibid.
- 23.
After John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Emergence of Noopolitik: Toward An American Information Strategy (RAND Corporation, 1999).
- 24.
Robert Bloch, “Goethe, Idealistic Morphology, and Science,” American Scientist 40, 40, no. 2 (1952): 313–22. And F R Amrine, Francis J Zucker, and Harvey Wheeler, Goethe and the Sciences: A Reappraisal, vol. 97, 97 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012), vol. 97.
- 25.
JWR Whitehand, “The Basis for an Historico-Geographical Theory of Urban Form,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1977, 400–416.
- 26.
Notably through New Urbanism’s Smartcode’ in the US, and its informal ‘Design Code’ adaptations in the UK.
- 27.
After Edward Husserl, Cartesian Meditations (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988). Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Clarendon Lectures in Management Studies) (Oxford University Press, USA, 2007) and Michel Foucault, “Society Must Be Defended,” Picador, 2003, 242–243.
- 28.
Radu Petcu, “Government Surveillance, Neoliberal Citizenship, and Social Identity,” Review of Contemporary Philosophy, no. 14 (2015): 126–31. And Radu Petcu, “Order and Change in International Politics,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 5, 5, no. 2 (2013): 82–87.
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Odeleye, N., Rajendran, L.P. (2020). Conclusions Conceptualising Locational, Relational and Virtual Realities. In: Rajendran, L., Odeleye, N. (eds) Mediated Identities in the Futures of Place: Emerging Practices and Spatial Cultures. Springer Series in Adaptive Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06237-8_14
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