Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Healthy Aging and Exercise: Preventing Disease and Disability

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Healthy Aging

  • 2170 Accesses

Abstract

Exercise provides numerous physiological and psychological benefits for healthy older adults. However, most older adults in the United States are physically inactive. This chapter first summarizes the evidence demonstrating the resultant health benefits from exercise based on both epidemiological and interventional research. Second, this chapter introduces the concept of exercise prescription, presents the physical activity guidelines for older adults from various professional committees and organizations, and discusses special considerations when prescribing exercise for older adults. Last, this chapter highlights several of the behavioral theories that can be used to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior among older adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ACSM:

American College of Sports Medicine

ADL:

Activities of daily living

BHFC:

British Heart Foundation Centre

BMI:

Body mass index

BP:

Blood pressure

CSEP:

Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

Ex Rx:

Exercise prescription

GETP10:

Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 10th Edition

HBM:

Health belief model

MET:

Metabolic equivalents

OA:

Osteoarthritis

PAGAC:

Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee

PCP:

Primary care physician

QoL:

Quality of life

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

USA:

United States

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. Cohn D, Taylor P. Baby boomers approach 65—glumly. Pew Research Social & Demographic Trends. 2010. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/12/20/baby-boomers-approach-65-glumly/. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  2. Wan H, Sengupta M, Velkoff VA, DeBarrow KA. 65+ in the United States: 2005 current population reports. 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Colby SL, Ortman JM. Projections of the size and composition of the US population: 2014 to 2060: population estimates and projections. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  4. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization. 2015. http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  5. McPhee JS, French DP, Jackson D, Nazroo J, Pendleton N, Degens H. Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology. 2016:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Writing Group Members, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics--2016 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):447–54. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lochner KA, Goodman RA, Posner S, Parekh A. Multiple chronic conditions among medicare beneficiaries: state-level variations in prevalence, utilization, and cost. Medicare Medicaid Res Rev. 2011, 2013;3(3) https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.003.03.b02. eCollection 2013

  8. Hoffman C, Rice D, Sung H. Persons with chronic conditions: their prevalence and costs. JAMA. 1996;276(18):1473–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. US Department of Health and Human Services. Multiple chronic conditions—a strategic framework: Optimum health and quality of life for individuals with multiple chronic conditions. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ash/initiatives/mcc/mcc_framework.pdf. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  10. US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and older Americans: benefits and strategies. https://innovations.ahrq.gov/qualitytools/physical-activity-and-older-americans-benefits-and-strategies. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The State of Aging and Health in America 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/agingdata/data-portal/state-aging-health.html. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  12. Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100(2):126–31.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en/. Accessed 14 Aug 2018.

  14. Lee I, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Bauman A, Merom D, Bull FC, Buchner DM, Fiatarone Singh MA. Updating the evidence for physical activity: summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote “Active aging”. Gerontologist. 2016;56(Suppl_2):S268–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jefferis BJ, Whincup PH, Papacosta O, Wannamethee SG. Protective effect of time spent walking on risk of stroke in older men. Stroke. 2014;45(1):194–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL. Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):510.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Tak E, Kuiper R, Chorus A, Hopman-Rock M. Prevention of onset and progression of basic ADL disability by physical activity in community dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(1):329–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Koolhaas CM, Dhana K, van Rooij F, Schoufour J, Hofman A, Franco O. Physical activity types and health-related quality of life among middle-aged and elderly adults: the Rotterdam study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hum RJ, Verguet S, Cheng Y, McGahan AM, Jha P. Are global and regional improvements in life expectancy and in child, adult and senior survival slowing? PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0124479.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Beard JR, Officer A, de Carvalho IA, et al. The world report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing. Lancet. 2016;387(10033):2145–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Quiñones AR, Markwardt S, Botoseneanu A. Multimorbidity combinations and disability in older adults. J Gerontol A Biomed Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(6):823–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Depp CA, Jeste DV. Definitions and predictors of successful aging: a comprehensive review of larger quantitative studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(1):6–20. doi: S1064-7481(12)61587-5 [pii]. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000192501.03069.bc.

  24. Daskalopoulou C, Stubbs B, Kralj C, Koukounari A, Prince M, Prina A. Physical activity and healthy ageing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;38:6–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Demakakos P, Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Steptoe A. Low-intensity physical activity is associated with reduced risk of incident type 2 diabetes in older adults: evidence from the english longitudinal study of ageing. Diabetologia. 2010;53(9):1877–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Screen-based sedentary behavior, physical activity, and muscle strength in the english longitudinal study of ageing. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Hamer M, Molloy GJ, de Oliveira C, Demakakos P. Leisure time physical activity, risk of depressive symptoms, and inflammatory mediators: the english longitudinal study of ageing. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(7):1050–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hamer M, Lavoie KL, Bacon SL. Taking up physical activity in later life and healthy ageing: the english longitudinal study of ageing. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(3):239–43. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. DeSouza CA, Shapiro LF, Clevenger CM, et al. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation. 2000;102(12):1351–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hagberg JM, Graves JE, Limacher M, et al. Cardiovascular responses of 70- to 79-yr-old men and women to exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989;66(6):2589–94. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2589.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Huang G, Gibson CA, Tran ZV, Osness WH. Controlled endurance exercise training and VO2max changes in older adults: a meta-analysis. Prev Cardiol. 2005;8(4):217–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Huang G, Shi X, Davis-Brezette JA, Osness WH. Resting heart rate changes after endurance training in older adults: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(8):1381–6. doi: 00005768-200508000-00018 [pii]. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000174899.35392.0c.

  33. Hurley BF, Hagberg JM. 3 optimizing health in older persons: aerobic or strength training? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1998;26(1):61–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Malbut KE, Dinan S, Young A. Aerobic training in the ‘oldest old’: the effect of 24 weeks of training. Age Ageing. 2002;31(4):255–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Okazaki K, Iwasaki K, Prasad A, et al. Dose-response relationship of endurance training for autonomic circulatory control in healthy seniors. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(3):1041–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Seals DR, Hagberg JM, Hurley BF, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Endurance training in older men and women. I. Cardiovascular responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984;57(4):1024–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.57.4.1024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tanaka H, Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, DeSouza CA, Seals DR. Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation. 2000;102(11):1270–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Day L, Fildes B, Gordon I, Fitzharris M, Flamer H, Lord S. Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homes. BMJ. 2002;325(7356):128.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Earles DR, Judge JO, Gunnarsson OT. Velocity training induces power-specific adaptations in highly functioning older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(7):872–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ferri A, Scaglioni G, Pousson M, Capodaglio P, Van Hoecke J, Narici M. Strength and power changes of the human plantar flexors and knee extensors in response to resistance training in old age. Acta Physiol. 2003;177(1):69–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Fielding RA, LeBrasseur NK, Cuoco A, Bean J, Mizer K, Singh MAF. High-velocity resistance training increases skeletal muscle peak power in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(4):655–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O’Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans WJ. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988;64(3):1038–44. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.1038.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Chodzko-Zajko WJ. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Kinesiology Review. 2014;3(1):101–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, et al. Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2000;55(11):M641–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Izquierdo M, Hakkinen K, Ibanez J, et al. Effects of strength training on muscle power and serum hormones in middle-aged and older men. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(4):1497–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jozsi A, Campbell W, Joseph L, Davey S, Evans W. Changes in power with resistance training in older and younger men and women. J Gerontol A Biomed Sci Med Sci. 1999;54(11):M591–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Skelton DA, Young A, Greig CA, Malbut KE. Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and selected functional abilities of women aged 75 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(10):1081–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tinetti ME, Baker DI, McAvay G, et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(13):821–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Welle S, Bhatt K, Shah B, Thornton CA. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and myostatin mRNA expression in muscle: comparison between 62–77 and 21–31 yr old men. Exp Gerontol. 2002;37(6):833–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Campbell WW, Crim MC, Young VR, Evans WJ. Increased energy requirements and changes in body composition with resistance training in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(2):167–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2006;61(10):1059–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Toth MJ, Beckett T, Poehlman ET. Physical activity and the progressive change in body composition with aging: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(11 Suppl):S590–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14(2):125–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 2006;61(11):1166–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, Robertson IH, Walsh C, Brennan S. The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2014;16:12–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kim YS, Shin SK, Hong SB, Kim HJ. The effects of strength exercise on hippocampus volume and functional fitness of older women. Exp Gerontol. 2017;97:22–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tian Q, Glynn NW, Erickson KI, et al. Objective measures of physical activity, white matter integrity and cognitive status in adults over age 80. Behav Brain Res. 2015;284:51–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. McCartney N, Hicks AL, Martin J, Webber CE. Long-term resistance training in the elderly: effects on dynamic strength, exercise capacity, muscle, and bone. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. 1995;50(2):B97–B104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T. Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of tai chi and computerized balance training. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(5):489–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans 2012 key Indicators of Well-Being. 2013. https://agingstats.gov/docs/PastReports/2012/OA2012.pdf. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  61. American College of Sports Medicine, Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(7):1510–30. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institute on Aging. Exercise & physical activity: Your everyday guide from the National Institute on Aging. 2018. https://order.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2018-04/nia-exercise-guide.pdf. Accessed on August 14, 2018.

  63. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1435–45. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616aa2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Phillips EM, Kennedy MA. The exercise prescription: a tool to improve physical activity. PM R. 2012;4(11):818–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.09.582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Riebe D, Ehrman J, Liguori G, Magal M, editors. American College of Sports Medicine’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee I, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(19):1355–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Whang W, Manson JE, Hu FB, et al. Physical exertion, exercise, and sudden cardiac death in women. JAMA. 2006;295(12):1399–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Riebe D, Franklin BA, Thompson PD, et al. Updating ACSM’s recommendations for exercise preparticipation health screening. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(11):2473–9. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000664.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Zaleski AL, Taylor BA, Panza GA, et al. Coming of age: considerations in the prescription of exercise for older adults. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2016;12(2):98–104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Lauer M, Froelicher ES, Williams M, Kligfield P, American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Exercise testing in asymptomatic adults: a statement for professionals from the american heart association council on clinical cardiology, subcommittee on exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention. Circulation. 2005;112(5):771–6. doi: CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166543 [pii]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166543.

  71. Handler C, Sowton E. A comparison of the naughton and modified bruce treadmill exercise protocols in their ability to detect ischaemic abnormalities six weeks after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1984;5(9):752–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines (committee to update the 1997 exercise testing guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(8):1531–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Cooney D, Pascuzzi K. Polypharmacy in the elderly: focus on drug interactions and adherence in hypertension. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25(2):221–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.01.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Beekley MD, Brechue WF, Dehoyos DV, Garzarella L, Werber-Zion G, Pollock* ML. Cross-validation of the YMCA submaximal cycle ergometer test to predict VO2max. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2004;75(3):337–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Guralnik JM, Leveille S, Volpato S, Marx MS, Cohen-Mansfield J. Targeting high-risk older adults into exercise programs for disability prevention. J Aging Phys Act. 2003;11(2):219–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, et al. Added value of physical performance measures in predicting adverse Health-Related events: results from the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):251–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Senior fitness test manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(5):743–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Salive ME, Wallace RB. Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(9):556–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, Esselman PC, Schwartz RS. Continuous-scale physical functional performance in healthy older adults: a validation study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(12):1243–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2018 physical activity guidelines advisory committee scientific report: to the secretary of Health and Human Service. 2018. https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report.aspx. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  83. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Canadian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines Handbook. 2012. http://www.wellnessnb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Canadian-Physical-Activity-and-Sedentary-Behaviour-Guidelines-Handbook.pdf. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  84. Bull F, Biddle S, Buchner D, Ferguson R, Foster C, Fox K. Physical activity guidelines in the UK: Review and recommendations. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University. 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosisReport of the european working group on sarcopenia in older PeopleA. J. cruz-gentoft et al. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Merck institute of aging & health. The state of aging and health in America. 2004;35:20–21. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/State_of_Aging_and_Health_in_America_2004.pdf. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  87. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA. 2002;287(3):337–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Kelley K, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(3):281–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Nahin RL, Fitzpatrick AL, Williamson JD, Burke GL, DeKosky ST, Furberg C. Use of herbal medicine and other dietary supplements in Community-Dwelling older people: baseline data from the ginkgo evaluation of memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(11):1725–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, Johnson M, Schumm P, Lindau ST. Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2867–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Mallet L, Spinewine A, Huang A. The challenge of managing drug interactions in elderly people. Lancet. 2007;370(9582):185–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, et al. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation. 2013;127(1):96–103. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.136101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bosomworth NJ. Statin therapy as primary prevention in exercising adults: best evidence for avoiding myalgia. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29(6):727–40. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2016.06.160085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lee DS, Markwardt S, Goeres L, et al. Statins and physical activity in older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(8):1263–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Gourlan M, Bernard P, Bortolon C, et al. Efficacy of theory-based interventions to promote physical activity. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10(1):50–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(2):175–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Fitzpatrick SE, Reddy S, Lommel TS, et al. Physical activity and physical function improved following a community-based intervention in older adults in Georgia senior centers. J Nutr Elder. 2008;27(1–2):135–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Mirotznik J, Feldman L, Stein R. The health belief model and adherence with a community center-based, supervised coronary heart disease exercise program. J Community Health. 1995;20(3):233–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Speer EM, Reddy S, Lommel TS, et al. Diabetes self-management behaviors and A1c improved following a community-based intervention in older adults in georgia senior centers. J Nutr Elder. 2008;27(1–2):179–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Egan BM, Lackland DT, Jones DW. Prehypertension: an opportunity for a new public health paradigm. Cardiol Clin. 2010;28(4):561–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2010.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the framingham heart study. JAMA. 2002;287(8):1003–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146–603. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. World Health Organization. A global brief on hypertension: Silent killer, global public health crisis. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/79059/W?sequence=1. Accessed on 14 Aug 2018.

  105. Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(3):533–53. doi: 00005768-200403000-00025 [pii]. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000115224.88514.3A.

  106. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017:24430.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Shull PB, Shultz R, Silder A, et al. Toe-in gait reduces the first peak knee adduction moment in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. J Biomech. 2013;46(1):122–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Farrokhi S, Jayabalan P, Gustafson JA, Klatt BA, Sowa GA, Piva SR. The influence of continuous versus interval walking exercise on knee joint loading and pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Gait Posture. 2017;56:129–33. doi: S0966-6362(17)30198-4 [pii]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.05.015.

  109. O’Neill K, Reid G. Perceived barriers to physical activity by older adults. Can J Public Health. 1991;82(6):392–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Franco MR, Tong A, Howard K, et al. Older people’s perspectives on participation in physical activity: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(19):1268–76. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Moschny A, Platen P, Klaaßen-Mielke R, Trampisch U, Hinrichs T. Barriers to physical activity in older adults in Germany: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8(1):121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Bethancourt HJ, Rosenberg DE, Beatty T, Arterburn DE. Barriers to and facilitators of physical activity program use among older adults. Clin Med Res. 2014;12(1–2):10–20. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2013.1171.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Benjamin K, Edwards N, Ploeg J, Legault F. Barriers to physical activity and restorative care for residents in long-term care: a review of the literature. J Aging Phys Act. 2014;22(1):154–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Devereux-Fitzgerald A, Powell R, Dewhurst A, French DP. The acceptability of physical activity interventions to older adults: a systematic review and meta-synthesis. Soc Sci Med. 2016;158:14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Schutzer KA, Graves BS. Barriers and motivations to exercise in older adults. Prev Med. 2004;39(5):1056–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, et al. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(2):123–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Chau JY, Grunseit AC, Chey T, et al. Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80000.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1302–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Harvey JA, Chastin SF, Skelton DA. How sedentary are older people? A systematic review of the amount of sedentary behavior. J Aging Phys Act. 2015;23(3):471–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Harvey JA, Chastin SF, Skelton DA. Prevalence of sedentary behavior in older adults: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(12):6645–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Rosenberg DE, Gell NM, Jones SM, et al. The feasibility of reducing sitting time in overweight and obese older adults. Health Educ Behav. 2015;42(5):669–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Chastin SF, Buck C, Freiberger E, et al. Systematic literature review of determinants of sedentary behaviour in older adults: a DEDIPAC study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12(1):127.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Gayman AM, Fraser-Thomas J, Spinney JE, Stone RC, Baker J. Leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behaviour in older people: the influence of sport involvement on behaviour patterns in later life. AIMS Public Health. 2017;4(2):171–88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Wullems JA, Verschueren SM, Degens H, Morse CI, Onambélé GL. A review of the assessment and prevalence of sedentarism in older adults, its physiology/health impact and non-exercise mobility counter-measures. Biogerontology. 2016;17(3):547–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Gardner B, Smith L, Lorencatto F, Hamer M, Biddle SJ. How to reduce sitting time? A review of behaviour change strategies used in sedentary behaviour reduction interventions among adults. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10(1):89–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Yin Wu, Gregory A. Panza, Beth A. Taylor & Linda S. Pescatello

Authors
  1. Yin Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gregory A. Panza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Beth A. Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Linda S. Pescatello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yin Wu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center on Aging and Departments of Family Medicine and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA

    Patrick P. Coll

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wu, Y., Panza, G.A., Taylor, B.A., Pescatello, L.S. (2019). Healthy Aging and Exercise: Preventing Disease and Disability. In: Coll, P. (eds) Healthy Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06200-2_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06200-2_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-06199-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-06200-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation