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Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in Biomedical Industries pp 29–70Cite as

Determination of Morphine in Urine

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Abstract

Morphine is a well-known and widely used analgesic drug that gives a dreamlike feeling to which people get easily addicted. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, morphine was first separated from opium poppy in pure form. Till now, a large fold of increment in the use of morphine is reported, not as medicine but as the drug of abuse also. So, an efficient detection method of morphine is required to determine the trace amount of drug present in biological fluids. Among various biological fluids, urine is one of the most popular matrices for drug screening because drugs are generally concentrated in urine. In the previous decades, a steady development has been observed for the betterment of morphine detection techniques in a urine sample. In this chapter, several determination techniques of urinary morphine have been compiled and discussed. Several chromatographic [like gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE)] and non-chromatographic methods (like electrochemical detection, molecular imprinting) are discussed. Among these, the hyphenated techniques (like HPLC-mass spectroscopy) are better for screening drugs than normal techniques (only HPLC). Role of artificial antibody, i.e. molecularly imprinted polymers, in the selective detection of morphine is also discussed in this chapter. The major attention of this chapter is to communicate the advantages, drawbacks and future feasibility of available procedures reported so far to the readers/researchers working in this field.

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Abbreviations

6-MAM:

6-monoacetylmorphine

AFB:

Ammonium formate buffer

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

C6G:

Codeine-6-glucuronides

CCD:

Charge-coupled detector

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

CEC:

Capillary electrochromatography

CE-MS:

Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectroscopy

CE-SERS:

Capillary electrophoresis-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

CGE:

Capillary gel electrophoresis

CIEF:

Capillary isoelectric focusing

CI-MS:

Chemical ionization-mass spectroscopy

CITP:

Capillary isotacophoresis

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

CMNP:

Magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CV:

Cyclic voltammetric technique

CZE:

Capillary zone electrophoresis

DAD:

Diode array detection

ED:

Electrochemical detection

EI:

Electron impact

EI-SIM:

Electron impact-selected ion monitoring

ESI-LC:

Electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography

ESI-MS:

Electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy

ESI-QTOF-MS:

Electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy

ESI-SRM:

Electrospray ionization-selected reaction monitoring

FLD:

Fluorescence detection

GC:

Gas chromatography

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

HPLC-ESI:

High performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization

HPTLC:

High performance thin layer liquid chromatography

IAC:

Immune affinity column

IR:

Infrared spectroscopy

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LC-APCI-MS:

Liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

LC-MS:

Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy

LC-TSP-MS:

Liquid chromatography thermospray mass spectroscopy

LLE-TLC:

Liquid liquid extraction-thin layer chromatography

LOD:

Limit of detection

M3G:

morphine-3-glucuronide

M6G:

Morphine-6-glucuronide

MECC:

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

MEKC:

Miceller electrokinetic capillary chromatography

MIP:

Molecularly imprinted polymer

MIPs:

Molecularly imprinting polymers

MMIP:

Magnetic dummy molecularly imprinting polymers

MS:

Mass spectroscopy

MWCNTs:

Multiwall carbon nanotubes

MWCNTs:

Multiwall carbon nanotubes

NIP:

Non-imprinted polymer

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PDMS:

Poly (dimethylsiloxane)

PFPA:

Pentafluoropropionic anhydride

PGE:

Pencil graphite electrode

PSi:

Porous silicon

psi:

Pound-force per square inch

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulphate

SERS:

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

SIM:

Selected ion monitoring

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic anhydride

TLC:

Thin layer chromatography

TMS:

Trimethylsiloxane

UHPLC:

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography

UV:

Ultraviolet-visible

UV-Vis:

Ultraviolet-visible

WHO:

World health organisation

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Acknowledgements

Ms. De has given the major contribution in writing this chapter along with drawing the figures and tables, taking the copyright permission, etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826 004, India

    Shrabani De, Raksha Choudhary & Rashmi Madhuri

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  1. Shrabani De
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  2. Raksha Choudhary
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  3. Rashmi Madhuri
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Correspondence to Rashmi Madhuri .

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  1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Inamuddin

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De, S., Choudhary, R., Madhuri, R. (2019). Determination of Morphine in Urine. In: Inamuddin (eds) Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in Biomedical Industries. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06082-4_3

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