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Initial Mandates of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Conference on Disarmament (CD)

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The United Nations and Space Security

Part of the book series: Studies in Space Policy ((STUDSPACE,volume 21))

Abstract

On a state level, space matters are discussed globally in two separate forums: the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), which deals with the peaceful uses of outer space, and the Conference on Disarmament (CD), which focuses on the prevention of an arms race in outer space and other matters pertaining to the disarmament of outer space. COPUOS was established in 1959 through Resolution 1348 (XIII), while the CD was given the official mandate to discuss the prevention of an arms race in outer space in 1981 through Resolution S-10/2. This chapter examines the mandates established in these resolutions and the various interpretations of those mandates over time. First, this chapter examines and evaluates the mandate given to COPUOS, coming to the conclusion that the mandate is ambiguous because the term ‘peaceful uses’ is not defined. Thereafter, this chapter discusses the evolution of the disarmament framework, including the CD’s predecessors, and the eventual mandate given to the CD, which appears better defined and less ambiguous. Finally, the chapter considers the mandates given to the two forums and determines the effect that this has had on the discussion of space matters internationally within the United Nations (UN) space-related framework. It concludes that there appears to be a void in the discussion of space matters internationally, specifically with regard to the ‘non-arms military’ use of outer space, because of divergent interpretations of the mandates of the forums by key spacefaring states.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    UNGA Res 1348 (XIII) (13 December 1958).

  2. 2.

    UNGA Res S-10/2 (28 June 1978) UN Doc A/RES/S-10/2, par. 80 | UNGA ‘Thirty-Sixth Session Report of the Disarmament Commission’ UN GAOR 42nd Session Supp No 42 UN Doc A/36/42 (1981), par. 19.

  3. 3.

    UNGA Resolution 1148 (XII) (14 November 1957).

  4. 4.

    UNGA First Committee (12th Session) ‘Regulation, Limitation and Balanced Reduction of All Armed Forces and All Armaments; Conclusion of an International Convention (Treaty) on the Reduction of Armaments and the Prohibition of Atomic, Hydrogen and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction’ (11 November 1957) UN Doc A/3792, 4–5.

  5. 5.

    UNGA ‘Regulation, Limitation and Balanced Reduction of All Armed Forces and All Armaments; Conclusion of an International Convention (Treaty) on the Reduction of Armaments and the Prohibition of Atomic, Hydrogen and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction’ UN GAOR 12th Session UN Doc A/PV.715 (14 November 1957), 449.

  6. 6.

    UNGA ‘Regulation, Limitation and Balanced Reduction of All Armed Forces and All Armaments; Conclusion of an International Convention (Treaty) on the Reduction of Armaments and the Prohibition of Atomic, Hydrogen and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction’ UN GAOR 12th Session UN Doc A/PV.715 (14 November 1957), 449.

  7. 7.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Draft Resolution’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/C.1/L.219 and Rev.1 (7 November 1958) | UNGA ‘Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Denmark, France, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Turkey, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay and Venezuela’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/C.1/L.220 (13 November 1958).

  8. 8.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Request for the Inclusion of An Item in the Provisional Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3818 (17 March 1958).

  9. 9.

    UNGA ‘United States of America: Request for the Inclusion of an Additional Item in the Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3902 (2 September 1958).

  10. 10.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Request for the Inclusion of An Item in the Provisional Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3818 (17 March 1958), par. 6.

  11. 11.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Request for the Inclusion of An Item in the Provisional Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3818 (17 March 1958), par. 7.

  12. 12.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Request for the Inclusion of An Item in the Provisional Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3818 (17 March 1958), par. 15.

  13. 13.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Request for the Inclusion of An Item in the Provisional Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3818 (17 March 1958), par. 12.

  14. 14.

    UNGA ‘United States of America: Request for the Inclusion of an Additional Item in the Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3902 (2 September 1958), par. 3.

  15. 15.

    UNGA ‘United States of America: Request for the Inclusion of an Additional Item in the Agenda of the Thirteenth Session’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/3902 (2 September 1958), par. 4.

  16. 16.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Draft Resolution’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/C.1/L.219 (7 November 1958).

  17. 17.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Revised Draft Resolution’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/C.1/L.219/REV.1 (18 November 1958).

  18. 18.

    UNGA ‘Report of the First Committee’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/4009 (13 December 1958), par. 120.

  19. 19.

    UNGA ‘Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Denmark, France, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Turkey, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay and Venezuela’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/C.1/L.220 (13 November 1958).

  20. 20.

    UNGA ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Revised Draft Resolution’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/C.1/L.219/REV.1 (18 November 1958), par. 3.

  21. 21.

    UNGA ‘Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Denmark, France, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Turkey, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay and Venezuela’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/C.1/L.220 (13 November 1958), par. 1.

  22. 22.

    UNGA ‘Report of the First Committee’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/4009 (13 December 1958), par. 112–113.

  23. 23.

    UNGA ‘Report of the First Committee’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/4009 (13 December 1958), par. 107.

  24. 24.

    UNGA ‘Report of the First Committee’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/4009 (13 December 1958), par. 115.

  25. 25.

    UNGA ‘Report of the First Committee’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/4009 (13 December 1958), par. 117 and 120.

  26. 26.

    UNGA ‘Report of the First Committee’ UN GAOR 13th Session UN Doc A/4009 (13 December 1958), par. 136.

  27. 27.

    UNGA Res 1348 (XIII) (13 December 1958).

  28. 28.

    Ad hoc COPUOS ‘Report of the Working Group to the Legal Committee’ UN GAOR 14th Session UN Doc A/AC.98/C.2/L.1 (9 June 1959), 2 | Ad hoc COPUOS (Legal Committee) ‘Report of the Legal Committee’ UN GAOR 14th Sessions UN Doc A/AC.98/2 (12 June 1959), 1.

  29. 29.

    Ad hoc COPUOS (Legal Committee) ‘Summary Record of the First Meeting’ UN GAOR 14th Session UN Doc A/AC.98/C.2/SR.1 (30 June 1959), 5.

  30. 30.

    Ad hoc COPUOS (Legal Committee) ‘Summary Record of the First Meeting’ UN GAOR 14th Session UN Doc A/AC.98/C.2/SR.1 (30 June 1959), 9.

  31. 31.

    Ad hoc COPUOS ‘Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space’ UN GAOR 14th Session UN Doc A/4141 (14 July 1959), 22.

  32. 32.

    UNGA First Committee (14th Session) ‘Summary Record of the 1079th Meeting’ (11 December 1959) UN Doc A/C.1/SR.1079, par. 6.

  33. 33.

    UNGA First Committee (14th Session) ‘Summary Record of the 1080th Meeting’ (11 December 1959) UN Doc A/C.1/SR.1080, par. 12.

  34. 34.

    UNGA First Committee (14th Session) ‘Summary Record of the 1080th Meeting’ (11 December 1959) UN Doc A/C.1/SR.1080, par. 12.

  35. 35.

    UNGA Res 1472 (XIV) (12 December 1959).

  36. 36.

    UNGA Res 1721 (XVI) (20 December 1961).

  37. 37.

    UNGA Res 1472 (XIV) (12 December 1959) | UNGA Res 72/77 (29 December 2017) UN Doc A/RES/72/77.

  38. 38.

    Jessica West (ed), Space Security Index 2017 (Ploughshares 2017) 127.

  39. 39.

    UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the First Meeting’ (15 March 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.1, 16.

  40. 40.

    UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the First Meeting’ (15 March 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.1, 35.

  41. 41.

    UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the Second Meeting’ (16 March 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.2, 7.

  42. 42.

    UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the Second Meeting’ (16 March 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.2, 12.

  43. 43.

    UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the Fifth Meeting’ (21 March 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.5, 32–43 | UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the Sixth Meeting’ (22 March 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.6, 11–17 | UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the Seventh Meeting’ (23 March 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.7, 4–10.

  44. 44.

    UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the Forty-Seventh Meeting’ (27 June 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.47, 4.

  45. 45.

    UN Conference of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament, ‘Final Verbatim Record of the Forty-Eight Meeting’ (28 June 1960) UN Doc TNCD/PV.48, 5.

  46. 46.

    UNGA ‘Report to the United Nations of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ (18 September 1962) UN Doc A/5200, 5.

  47. 47.

    Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water (adopted 5 August 1963, entered into force 10 October 1963) 480 UNTS 43.

  48. 48.

    UNGA ‘Report to the United Nations of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ (18 September 1962) UN Doc A/5200, 13.

  49. 49.

    UN Disarmament Commission, ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 115.

  50. 50.

    UN Disarmament Commission, ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 117.

  51. 51.

    UN Disarmament Commission, ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 118.

  52. 52.

    UN Disarmament Commission, ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 121.

  53. 53.

    UN Disarmament Commission, ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 121–122.

  54. 54.

    UN Disarmament Commission, ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 121.

  55. 55.

    UN Disarmament Commission, ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 142.

  56. 56.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 146.

  57. 57.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 5, 11–14, 15–16.

  58. 58.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 18, 22–24 | Association for Diplomatic Studies, ‘Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History: Negotiating the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)’ <https://adst.org/2016/12/negotiating-limited-test-ban-treaty-ltbt/> accessed 23 June 2018 | Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, ‘Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water’ <https://www.state.gov/t/isn/4797.htm> accessed 23 June 2018.

  59. 59.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 44 | Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, ‘Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water’ <https://www.state.gov/t/isn/4797.htm> accessed 23 June 2018.

  60. 60.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 43.

  61. 61.

    Association for Diplomatic Studies, ‘Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History: Negotiating the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)’ <https://adst.org/2016/12/negotiating-limited-test-ban-treaty-ltbt/> accessed 23 June 2018 | Office of the Historian, ‘The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962’ <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis> accessed 23 June 2018.

  62. 62.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ (5 September 1963) UN Doc A/5488-DC/208.

  63. 63.

    Association for Diplomatic Studies, ‘Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History: Negotiating the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)’ <https://adst.org/2016/12/negotiating-limited-test-ban-treaty-ltbt/> accessed 23 June 2018.

  64. 64.

    UNGA ‘Question of General and Complete Disarmament: Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ UN GAOR 18th Session UN Doc A/5571 (17 October 1963), 1.

  65. 65.

    UNGA ‘Question of General and Complete Disarmament: Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ UN GAOR 18th Session UN Doc A/5571 (17 October 1963), 1.

  66. 66.

    UNGA ‘Question of General and Complete Disarmament: Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ UN GAOR 18th Session UN Doc A/5571 (17 October 1963), 1.

  67. 67.

    UNGA ‘Question of General and Complete Disarmament: Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ UN GAOR 18th Session UN Doc A/5571 (17 October 1963), 2.

  68. 68.

    UNGA ‘Question of General and Complete Disarmament: Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ UN GAOR 18th Session UN Doc A/5571 (17 October 1963), 2.

  69. 69.

    UNGA ‘Question of General and Complete Disarmament: Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ UN GAOR 18th Session UN Doc A/5571 (17 October 1963), 2.

  70. 70.

    UNGA Res 1884 (XVIII) (17 October 1963).

  71. 71.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament (21 January - 17 September 1964)’ (22 September 1964) UN Doc A/5731-DC/209 | UNGA ‘Report of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament’ (22 September 1965) UN Doc A/5986-DC/227.

  72. 72.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1966’ (1967) UN Doc DC/228 | UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1967 and 1968’ (1969) UN Doc DC/230 & DC/231.

  73. 73.

    Treaty on the Non-Proliferation on Nuclear Weapons (adopted 1 July 1968, entered into force 5 March 1970) 729 UNTS 161 [hereinafter: NPT].

  74. 74.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1969’ (1971) UN Doc DC/232, 2.

  75. 75.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1969’ (1971) UN Doc DC/232, 2.

  76. 76.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1969’ (1971) UN Doc DC/232, 2.

  77. 77.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1969’ (1971) UN Doc DC/232, 2–3.

  78. 78.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1970’ (1971) UN Doc DC/233 | UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1971’ (1973) UN Doc DC/234 | UN Disarmament Commission ‘Supplement for 1972’ (1974) UN Doc DC/235.

  79. 79.

    Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof (adopted 11 February 1971, entered into force 18 May 1972) 955 UNTS 115.

  80. 80.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament’ UN GAOR 28th Session Supp No 31 UN Doc A/9141 (1975), 42.

  81. 81.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament Volume I’ UN GAOR 31st Session Supp No 27 UN Doc A/31/27 (1976), 87.

  82. 82.

    Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (adopted 10 December 1976, entered into force 5 October 1978) 1108 UNTS 151.

  83. 83.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament Volume I’ UN GAOR 32nd Session Supp No 27 UN Doc A/32/27 (1977), 12 | UNGA ‘Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament Volume II’ UN GAOR 32nd Session Supp No 27 UN Doc A/32/27 (1977), 18.

  84. 84.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Disarmament Commission’ UN GAOR 34th Session Supp No 42 UN Doc A/34/42 (25 June 1979), par. 8.

  85. 85.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Disarmament Commission’ UN GAOR 34th Session Supp No 42 UN Doc A/34/42 (25 June 1979), par. 9.

  86. 86.

    UNGA Res S-10/2 ‘Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly’ (28 June 1978) UN Doc A/RES/S-10/2, par. 120.

  87. 87.

    UNGA Res S-10/2 ‘Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly’ (28 June 1978) UN Doc A/RES/S-10/2, par. 120(e).

  88. 88.

    UNGA Res S-10/2 ‘Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly’ (28 June 1978) UN Doc A/RES/S-10/2, par. 80.

  89. 89.

    UNGA ‘Report of the Disarmament Commission’ UN GAOR 36th Session Supp 42 UN Doc A/36/42 (2 July 1981), par. 19.

  90. 90.

    UNGA Res 36/97-C (9 December 1981) UN Doc A/RES/36/97-C.

  91. 91.

    UNGA Res 36/99 (9 December 1981) UN Doc A/RES/36/99.

  92. 92.

    Jessica West (ed), Space Security Index 2017 (Ploughshares 2017) 129.

  93. 93.

    Anél Ferreira-Snyman, ‘Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military Use of Outer Space, With Specific Reference to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty’ (2015) 18 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 488, 495–496.

  94. 94.

    UN, ‘Comprehensive Study of the Question of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones in All Its Aspects’ (1976) UN Doc A/10027/Add.1, 12.

  95. 95.

    UN Disarmament Commission ‘Official Records: Supplement for January 1961 to December 1962’ (31 March 1963), 117 & 142.

  96. 96.

    Throughout this book reference will be made to the ‘non-arms military’ use of outer space. This term is not based on an official term used in COPUOS or the CD. Rather, it is used in this publication to make a distinction between the military uses of outer space that make use of arms, which definitely fall within the scope of the disarmament of outer space, and military uses of outer space that do not make use of arms, which depending on the interpretation of the mandates of COPUOS and the CD could fall within the scope of the disarmament of outer space or within the scope of the peaceful use of outer space. The use of the term ‘non-arms military’ aims to contribute to the clarity of the research.

  97. 97.

    David A. Koplow, ‘The Fault Is Not in Our Stars: Avoiding an Arms Race in Outer Space’ (2018) 59 Harvard International Law Journal 331, 335–336 | Anél Ferreira-Snyman, ‘Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military Use of Outer Space, With Specific Reference to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty’ (2015) 18 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 488, 495–496.

  98. 98.

    David A. Koplow, ‘The Fault Is Not in Our Stars: Avoiding an Arms Race in Outer Space’ (2018) 59 Harvard International Law Journal 331, 339.

  99. 99.

    Francis Grimal & Jae Sundaram, ‘The Incremental Militarization of Outer Space: A Threshold Analysis’ (2018) 17 Chinese Journal of International Law 45, 51 | Anél Ferreira-Snyman, ‘Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military Use of Outer Space, With Specific Reference to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty’ (2015) 18 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 488, 496.

  100. 100.

    Fabio Tronchetti, ‘Legal Aspects of the Military Uses of Outer Space’ in Frans von der Dunk & Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) 331.

  101. 101.

    Fabio Tronchetti, ‘Legal Aspects of the Military Uses of Outer Space’ in Frans von der Dunk & Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) 339.

  102. 102.

    Fabio Tronchetti, ‘Legal Aspects of the Military Uses of Outer Space’ in Frans von der Dunk & Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) 339 | Anél Ferreira-Snyman, ‘Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military Use of Outer Space, With Specific Reference to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty’ (2015) 18 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 488, 497.

  103. 103.

    Anél Ferreira-Snyman, ‘Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military Use of Outer Space, With Specific Reference to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty’ (2015) 18 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 488, 496.

  104. 104.

    The Antarctic Treaty (adopted 1 December 1959, entered into force 23 June 1961) 402 UNTS 71.

  105. 105.

    Francis Grimal & Jae Sundaram, ‘The Incremental Militarization of Outer Space: A Threshold Analysis’ (2018) 17 Chinese Journal of International Law 45, 51.

  106. 106.

    CIA, Definition of Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Document Type: Crest, Document Number: CIA-RDP66R00638R000100160004-2 Approved for release 28 August 2001 <https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP66R00638R000100160004-2.pdf> accessed 29 June 2018, 1–2.

  107. 107.

    Anél Ferreira-Snyman, ‘Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military Use of Outer Space, With Specific Reference to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty’ (2015) 18 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 488, 497.

  108. 108.

    Fabio Tronchetti, ‘Legal Aspects of the Military Uses of Outer Space’ in Frans von der Dunk & Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2015) 339–340 | Steven Freeland, ‘In Heaven as on Earth? The International Legal Regulation of the Military Use of Outer Space’ (2011) 8 U.S.-China Law Review 272, 277 | Francis Grimal & Jae Sundaram, ‘The Incremental Militarization of Outer Space: A Threshold Analysis’ (2018) 17 Chinese Journal of International Law 45, 46 & 54–55 | Anél Ferreira-Snyman, ‘Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military Use of Outer Space, With Specific Reference to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty’ (2015) 18 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 488, 488–489.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Annette Froehlich & Vincent Seffinga

  2. International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

    Ruiyan Qiu

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  1. Annette Froehlich
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  1. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Annette Froehlich

  2. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Vincent Seffinga

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Froehlich, A., Seffinga, V., Qiu, R. (2020). Initial Mandates of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the Conference on Disarmament (CD). In: Froehlich, A., Seffinga, V. (eds) The United Nations and Space Security. Studies in Space Policy, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06025-1_2

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