Abstract
Clogging of submerged entry nozzles for GCr15 bearing steels has been investigated by industrial experiments coupled with mathematical simulations. It was found that clogs on the submerged entry nozzle with four ports were mainly CaO-MgO-Al2O3 inclusions with the size of 2–6 μm, which cannot be avoided by removal of inclusions from the liquid steel . Cathodoluminescence microscopy was also applied for the characterisation of submerged entry nozzle clogging . Mathematical simulations were carried out to predict the main clogging location at the submerged entry nozzle with different types. The results showed that the percentage of inclusions entrapped on the cylindrical submerged entry nozzle and four-port one was 39.7 and 46.5%, respectively. It indicated that the cylindrical submerged entry nozzle helped reduce the probability of submerged entry nozzle clogging and was beneficial for the improvement of the fatigue property of bearing steels.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Zhang L, Thomas B (2003) State of the art in evaluation and control of steel cleanliness. Trans Iron Steel Inst Jpn 43(3):271–291
Zhang L (2006) Indirect methods of detecting and evaluating inclusions in steel—a review. J Iron Steel Res (Int) 13(4):1–8
Park J, Todoroki H (2010) Control of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions in stainless steels. ISIJ Int 50(10):1333–1346
Zhang L (2013) Nucleation, growth, transport, and entrapment of inclusions during steel casting. JOM 65(9):1138–1144
Zhang L, Thomas B (2006) State of the art in the control of inclusions during steel ingot casting. Metall Mater Trans B 37(5):733–761
Zhang L, Wang Y, Zuo X (2008) Flow transport and inclusion motion in steel continuous-casting mold under submerged entry nozzle clogging condition. Metall Mater Trans B 39(4):534–550
Xie W, Bao Y, Wang M, Zhang X (2015) Relationship between high frequency defect detection and inclusions in GCr15 Bearing Steel. Iron Steel 50(3):44–48
Andersson M, Appelberg J, Tilliander A, Nakajima K, Shibata H, Kitamura S, Jonsson L (2006) Some aspects on grain refining additions with focus on clogging during casting. ISIJ Int 46(6):814–823
Pielet H, Bhattacharya D (1984) Thermodynamics of nozzle blockage in continuous casting of calcium-containing steels. Metall Trans B 15(4):743
Szekely J, Dinovo S (1974) Thermal criteria for tundish nozzle or taphole blockage. Metall Trans 5(3):747–754
Verma N, Pistorius P, Fruehan R, Potter M, Lind M, Story S (2011) Transient inclusion evolution during modification of alumina inclusions by calcium in liquid steel: part I. Background, experimental techniques and analysis methods. Metall Mater Trans B 42(4):711–719
Yang S, Wang Q, Zhang L, Li J, Peaslee K (2012) Formation and modification of MgO·Al2O3—based inclusions in alloy steels. Metall Mater Trans B 43(4):731–750
Ren Y, Zhang L, Li S (2015) Transient evolution of inclusions during calcium modification in linepipe steels. ISIJ Int 54(12):2772–2779
Yang G, Wang X, Huang F, Yang D, Wei P, Hao X (2015) Influence of calcium addition on inclusions in LCAK steel with ultralow sulfur content. Metall Mater Trans B 46(1):145–154
Zhao D, Li H, Bao C, Yang J (2015) Inclusion evolution during modification of alumina inclusions by calcium in liquid steel and deformation during hot rolling process. Trans Iron Steel Inst Jpn 55(10):2115–2124
Ogino K, Nogi K, Yamase O (1983) Effects of selenium and tellurium on the surface tension of molten iron and the wettability of alumina by molten iron. ISIJ Int 23(3):234–239
Cramb A, Jimbo I (1989) Calculation of the interfacial properties of liquid steel-slag systems. Steel Res 60(3):157–165
Zouvelou N, Mantzouris X, Nikolopoulos P (2007) Interfacial energies in oxide/liquid metal systems with limited solubility. Int J Adhes Adhes 27(5):380–386
Ruan G, Li N (2005) Local corrosion mechanism of refractory at slag-iron(steel)interface. Mater Rev 19(2):47–49
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for support from the National Science Foundation China (Grant No. U1860206), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. FRF-TP-15-001C2), Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metals (GREM) and the High-quality Steel Consortium (HQSC) at the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering at University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cheng, G., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Wang, Q., Scheller, P.R. (2019). Investigation on Clogging of Submerged Entry Nozzles for GCr15 Bearing Steels. In: Jiang, T., et al. 10th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05955-2_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05955-2_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05954-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05955-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)