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“Prof. Prandtl Is Totally Uninterested in Politics …”

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Ludwig Prandtl

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Abstract

The “seizure of power” by the National Socialists in 1933 resulted in internal quarrels at the Institute of Applied Mechanics of the University of Göttingen, to which Prandtl reacted by resigning as its head. At the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and the Aerodynamics Research Institute, he had trouble with the “brown fanatics”. On the other hand, he was given a leading role in the newly founded Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Ministry of Aviation), under Hermann Göring, in the planning of National Socialist aeronautics research. With the provision of a new wind tunnel, for which there was no money available during the Weimar Republic, the Nazi regime underlined the higher priority that it gave to research at the Aerodynamics Research Institute. In particular, high velocity aerodynamics expanded in the wake of the National Socialist build-up of arms to a degree previously not considered possible. Prandtl made use of the esteem that the regime showed him in order to protest against the so-called “German physics” and the ousting of “non-Aryan” colleagues. But, he justified Hitler’s politics to his foreign colleagues and willingly made himself a tool of National Socialist propaganda.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 123).

  2. 2.

    Prandtl to Telschow, 11th February 1933. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, Nr. 1508. Reproduced in Trischler, 1993, Document 30.

  3. 3.

    Tollmien (1998, Note 57).

  4. 4.

    Cited in Beyerchen (1982, p. 59). On the forced displacement of the Göttingen mathematician, please refer in particular to Siegmund-Schultze (1998, pp. 292–298), Schappacher (1998); on the subject of physics in Göttingen please refer to Rosenow (1998).

  5. 5.

    Beyerchen (1982, pp. 45–52), Reid (1996, pp. 145–152).

  6. 6.

    For further details, please refer to Rammer (2004, Chap. 5), where the subsequently cited page from the indicated archive is reprinted in full.

  7. 7.

    Prandtl to Lenard, 1st April 1933, GOAR 3670-1.

  8. 8.

    Prandtl to Frick, 27th April 1933; Gercke to Prandtl, 10th May 1933. GOAR 3670-1.

  9. 9.

    Report by Dr. Erich Hahnkamm on the Institute for Applied Mechanics dated 21st June 1934. GSTAPK, I. HA Rep. 76 Kultusministerium, Vc Sekt. 21 Tit. 23 No. 18 vol. 3, Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung in Göttingen, 1933–34.

  10. 10.

    Siegmund-Schultze (2009, pp. 141–143).

  11. 11.

    Prandtl to Valentiner, 11th July 1933. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2162.

  12. 12.

    Hahnkamm to Valentiner, 18th November 1933. UAG, Kur. XVI. V. C. h. 11 I.

  13. 13.

    Prandtl to Valentiner, 10th October 1933. UAG, Kur. XVI. V. C. h. 11 I.

  14. 14.

    Hahnkamm to Valentiner, 18th November 1933. UAG, Kur. XVI. V. C. h. 11 I.

  15. 15.

    Prandtl to Reich, 26th February 1934. UAG, Kur. PA Schuler.

  16. 16.

    Hahnkamm to the REM, 6th December 1935. UAG, Rek. 5250/7A. In 1936, he became head of division in the Reichsluftfahrtministerium, were he was responsible for the development of gyroscopes and in 1939 was appointed Flieger-Stabsingenieur (engineer’s rank corresponding to a major) Rammer (2004, p. 515).

  17. 17.

    Mai (1983).

  18. 18.

    Hachtmann (2007, Chap. 5.3).

  19. 19.

    Der Fall Nikuradse, Tatbestand. Not dated. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 161.

  20. 20.

    The quote comes from the appendix to a letter to the Vertrauensrat (consultative council) of the KWI für Strömungsforschung dated 12th June 1934, in which the “reasons for the interest in the political activity of Dr. Nikuradse” are stated. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 161.

  21. 21.

    Tollmien (1999).

  22. 22.

    Der Fall Nikuradse, Tatbestand. Not dated. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 161.

  23. 23.

    Exchange of letters from Hans Reichardt and Gustav Mesmer with Prandtl and the Betriebsrat (employee representatives) of the KWI für Strömungsforschung. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 163.

  24. 24.

    Erklärung, 30. Januar 1937. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 163. In a declaration regarding court, police or disciplinary records, Mesmer declared “the administrative measures in the case of Nikuradse imposed on me are not approved by the administrative management itself”, Personnel file of Mesmer, GOAR AK 1781.

  25. 25.

    Prandtl to Winkler, 17th February 1937. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 161.

  26. 26.

    Please refer to Hachtmann (2007, Chap. 5.3).

  27. 27.

    Harnisch to Prandtl, 9th June 1934. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 614.

  28. 28.

    Prandtl to Baeumker, 26th September 1933. SUB, Cod. Ms. L. Prandtl 10.

  29. 29.

    Prandtl to Planck, 28th December 1933. Cited in Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 128).

  30. 30.

    Prandtl’s statement to the “Gefolgschaft des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts und der Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt”, 18th July 1934. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 163.

  31. 31.

    Weniger to Gnade, 15th June 1934. GSTA PK, I. HA Rep. 76 Kultusministerium, Vc Sekt. 21 Tit. 23 No. 18 vol. 3, Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung in Göttingen, 1933–34.

  32. 32.

    The Internationale Sozialistische Kampf-Bund (ISK) was close to the Sozialdemokraten (Social Democrats). He educated himself in the 1920s in the circle of the Göttingen philosopher Leonard Nelson and strived for a philosophically, ethically based socialism. Please refer to Lindner (2006, Chap. 2) and http://library.fes.de/fulltext/isk/isk-buch.html.

  33. 33.

    Ippensen (Criminal Secretary) and Lange (Criminal Commissioner), 15th June 1934. GSTA PK, I. HA Rep. 76 Kultusministerium, Vc Sekt. 21 Tit. 23 No. 18 vol. 3, Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung in Göttingen, 1933–34.

  34. 34.

    Prandtl’s discussion with the workplace representatives of the AVA, 18th June 1934. Cited in Trischler, 1993, Document 33.

  35. 35.

    Glum to the Prussian Ministry of Education and Culture, 24th Juli 1934. GSTA PK, I. HA Rep. 76 Kultusministerium, Vc Sekt. 21 Tit. 23 No. 18 vol. 3, Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung in Göttingen, 1933–34.

  36. 36.

    Mesmer to Prandtl, 7th June 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1056.

  37. 37.

    Mesmer to Prandtl, 12th April 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1056.

  38. 38.

    Mesmer to Reichardt, 12th February 1937. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 44, No. 163.

  39. 39.

    Prandtl to Planck, 9th February 1935. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 782.

  40. 40.

    Gengler to the Technology Office, District Head of Office, 28th May 1937. Berlin Document Center, File on Ludwig Prandtl, cited in Trischler (1993, Document 45).

  41. 41.

    Diary notes of Gertrud Prandtl, cited in Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 134).

  42. 42.

    Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 134).

  43. 43.

    Prandtl to Courant, 20th December 1935. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 252.

  44. 44.

    Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 135).

  45. 45.

    Cited in Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 137).

  46. 46.

    Hunsaker to Prandtl, 24th November 1933; Prandtl to Hunsaker, 25th April 1934. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 724.

  47. 47.

    Baeumker to Prandtl, 21st February 1933. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, Nr. 72. Reproduced in Trischler (1993, Doc. 31).

  48. 48.

    Prandtl to the KWG, 10th March 1933. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, No. 1508.

  49. 49.

    Prandtl to Hoene, 3rd March 1933. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 687.

  50. 50.

    Völker (1967, p. 12).

  51. 51.

    25 Jahre Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt. Göttinger Tageblatt, 17th June 1933. News cutting in UAG, Kur, PA Prandtl, vol. 1.

  52. 52.

    Baeumker (1966, p. 29).

  53. 53.

    From a letter from Baeumker dated 17th June 1941. Cited in Hein (1995, p. 14).

  54. 54.

    Fragebogen über politische Parteizugehörigkeit und Konfession der Eltern und Großeltern sowie der Ehefrau. UAG, Kur, PA Prandtl, vol. 1. In October 1938 he also named the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labour Front) and described himself as a “supporter of the SS”. UAG, Kur, PA Prandtl, Bd. 2.

  55. 55.

    Prandtl an Otto Föppl, 29. November 1933. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2145.

  56. 56.

    Speech by Prandtl on the occasion of the celebration of the first turn of the shovel for the new wind tunnel. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, No. 1476.

  57. 57.

    Prandtl to Baeumker, 27th April 1934, GOAR 3410.

  58. 58.

    Prandtl to the KWG, 22nd March 1933, GOAR 3411.

  59. 59.

    Baeumker to Prandtl, May 1934, GOAR 3410.

  60. 60.

    Otto Föppl to Prandtl, 1st December 1933. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2145.

  61. 61.

    Prandtl to the Reichsministerium des Äußeren (Foreign Ministry), 4th December 1933. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2145.

  62. 62.

    Reichsministerium des Äußeren to Prandtl, 22nd December 1933, AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2146.

  63. 63.

    Reichsluftfahrtministerium to Prandtl, 9th March 1934, AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2146.

  64. 64.

    Baeumker to Prandtl, 7th May 1934, AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2146.

  65. 65.

    Völker (1967, p. 68).

  66. 66.

    Lilienthal-Gesellschaft für Luftfahrtforschung. Luftwissen 3, 1936, p. 87f.

  67. 67.

    Die Deutsche Akademie für Luftfahrtforschung. Luftwissen 3, 1936, pp. 179–182, here p. 181.

  68. 68.

    Trischler (1992, pp. 208–213).

  69. 69.

    Zusammensetzung der Deutschen Akademie für Luftfahrtforschung am 1. April 1937. Jahrbuch 1937 der deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, p. 6.

  70. 70.

    Luftwissen, 2 (1935, p. 29f.).

  71. 71.

    Baeumker to Prandtl, 2nd February 1935. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 72.

  72. 72.

    Prandtl to Göring, 6th February 1935, AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 541.

  73. 73.

    Luftwissen, 3, 1936, p. 276.

  74. 74.

    Völker (1967, p. 52).

  75. 75.

    Baeumker to Glum, 4th July 1935, AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, Nr. 1525. Abgedruckt in Trischler (1993, Doc. 35).

  76. 76.

    Prandtl to Courant, 20. Dezember 1935. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 252.

  77. 77.

    File note, 25th February 1936, AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, No. 1478. Reproduced in in Trischler (1993, Doc. 38).

  78. 78.

    File note, 24th November 1936. AMPG, Abt. I, Rep. 1A, No. 1479. Cited in Trischler (1992, P. 203.

  79. 79.

    AVA (Betz) to Göring, 12th December 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2050. Reproduced in Trischler (1993, Doc. 43).

  80. 80.

    Trischler (1992, p. 202f.).

  81. 81.

    NACA-Hochgeschwindigkeitswindkanal. Luftwissen, 1, 1934, p. 257.

  82. 82.

    Heinzerling (1990), Trischler (2001).

  83. 83.

    Rotta (1990b, p. 153).

  84. 84.

    Ackeret (1927, Chap. 5.VI).

  85. 85.

    Glauert to Prandtl, 5th October 1927. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 536.

  86. 86.

    Prandtl to Glauert, 22nd October 1927. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 536. Glauert published his theory then, likewise, Glauert, 1928. The correction formula was initially referred to as “Prandtl’s rule” for the lift on a wing as a result of the compressibility influence in the subsonic range which, today, is now referred in high-velocity aerodynamics to as the “Prandtl-Glauert rule” Meier (2006, p. 90).

  87. 87.

    Rott (1983).

  88. 88.

    http://www.library.ethz.ch/exhibit/ackeret/. Please refer also to Gugerli et al. (2005).

  89. 89.

    Busemann (1928).

  90. 90.

    Busemann (1930).

  91. 91.

    Busemann and Walchner (1933).

  92. 92.

    Crocco to Prandtl, 4th December 1934. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2143.

  93. 93.

    Reale Accademia d’Italia, 1936.

  94. 94.

    Prandtl to Crocco, 10th December 1934; Crocco to Prandtl, 21st December 1934. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2143.

  95. 95.

    Reale Accademia d’Italia, 1936, pp. 328–360, here p. 343. Also reproduced in: Luftfahrtforschung, 12, 1935, pp. 210–220. For details of the back-swept wing principle, please refer to Meier (2006).

  96. 96.

    From Kármán and Edson (1967, p. 263).

  97. 97.

    Meier (2006, pp. 72–77).

  98. 98.

    From Kármán and Edson (1967, p. 267f.).

  99. 99.

    Sommerfeld to Max von Laue, 22nd July 1926. DMA, NL 89, 002.

  100. 100.

    Prandtl to Knight, 15th May 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 839.

  101. 101.

    Prandtl to the head of the department Greiner in the Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda), 11th May 1934. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2146.

  102. 102.

    From Feldmann on behalf of the Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda [Goebbels] to Prandtl, 16th May 1934, AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2146.

  103. 103.

    Prandtl to the Auswärtige Amt (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 13th June 1934, AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2147.

  104. 104.

    Prandtl to the Auswärtige Amt, 13th June 1934, AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2147.

  105. 105.

    Kármán to Den Hartog, 31st May 1938. TKC, 47.3-8.

  106. 106.

    Prandtl to the Auswärtige Amt, 1st August 1934. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2147.

  107. 107.

    Taylor, 1935; Sreenivasan, 2011.

  108. 108.

    Bodenschatz and Eckert (2011, pp. 65–67).

  109. 109.

    Taylor to Prandtl, 15th November 1935. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

  110. 110.

    Prandtl to Taylor, 30th November 1935. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

  111. 111.

    The nominations came from Erich Hückel, Theodor Pöschl and Ludwig Schiller; Carl Wilhelm Oseen, the member of the Noble Committee who was responsible for physics considered Prandtl’s research not to be worthy of a Noble Prize, Grandin (1999, p. 35f.); on Oseen’s role in the Nobel Prize Committee please refer also to Friedman (2001, 141f.).

  112. 112.

    W. L. Bragg to the Nobel Committee, 21st December 1936. Vetenskaps-Akad. Protokoll 1937, Nobelarchiv, Stockholm.

  113. 113.

    Prandtl to the Vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 2nd March 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1732.

  114. 114.

    Taylor to Prandtl, 1st May 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

  115. 115.

    Prandtl to Taylor, 29th May 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654; Prandtl to the RLM, 29th May 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1327.

  116. 116.

    Cited in Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 132). Stanley Baldwin was Prime Minister from 1935 to 1937. His successor was Neville Chamberlain.

  117. 117.

    Prandtl to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 20th June 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1732.

  118. 118.

    Prandtl to Taylor, 20th June 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

  119. 119.

    Prandtl to the Reichsminister für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung (REM), 7th November 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2148.

  120. 120.

    Groh (REM) to the university rector in Göttingen [Valentiner], 2nd Juli 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2148.

  121. 121.

    Aktenvermerk über einen Besuch bei der Deutschen Kongress-Zentrale, 27th October 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2148.

  122. 122.

    Foreign Department of the German Congress Central Office to Prandtl, 22nd June 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2152. Richtlinien für die Leiter deutscher Abordnungen zu Kongressen im Ausland. Berlin: Deutsche Kongress-Zentrale, 1938. Typoskript. Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Kiel.

  123. 123.

    Prandtl to the Foreign Department of the German Congress Central Office, 4th July 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2153.

  124. 124.

    Milch to Rust, 18th February 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2149.

  125. 125.

    Groh (deputising for Rust) to Prandtl, 14th March 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2149.

  126. 126.

    File note of Prandtl, 9th April 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2150.

  127. 127.

    Lorenz to Prandtl, 4th May 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2151.

  128. 128.

    Hopf to Baeumker, 27th April 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2151.

  129. 129.

    Prandtl to Lorenz, 6th May 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2151.

  130. 130.

    Prandtl to Dahnke and Lorenz, 1st June 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2155.

  131. 131.

    Foreign Department of the German Congress Central Office to Prandtl, 14th December 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2156.

  132. 132.

    Report by the congress secretaries (Hunsaker and Kármán) on the V. Internationale Kongress für Angewandte Mechanik in Cambridge-Mass./USA from the 12th to 16th September 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2157.

  133. 133.

    Hunsaker to Prandtl, 3rd November 1937. TKC 47-3-8.

  134. 134.

    Bodenschatz and Eckert (2011, pp. 67–74).

  135. 135.

    Hunsaker to Taylor, 16. November 1937, TKC 47-3-8.

  136. 136.

    Prandtl to Dryden, 21st January1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2149.

  137. 137.

    Dryden to Prandtl, 11th February 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2149.

  138. 138.

    Hunsaker to Kármán, 22nd March 1938. TKC 47-3-8.

  139. 139.

    Taylor to Prandtl, 18th May 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2151.

  140. 140.

    Kármán to Hunsaker, 13th June 1938. TKC 47-3-8.

  141. 141.

    den Hartog and Peters, 1939.

  142. 142.

    Prandtl, 1939.

  143. 143.

    Please refer to Chap. 8.8.

  144. 144.

    Prandtl to Hopf, 15th October 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2153.

  145. 145.

    Bericht über den V. Internationalen Kongress für Angewandte Mechanik in Cambridge-Mass./USA vom 12. bis 16. September 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2157.

  146. 146.

    Prandtl to Boetticher, 8. Oktober 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2153.

  147. 147.

    Baeumker (1966, p. 10).

  148. 148.

    Die Forschungstätigkeit des N.A.C.A. im Jahre 1934. Luftwissen, 2, 1935, p. 156.

  149. 149.

    Hunsaker to Prandtl, 9th March 1933; Prandtl to Hunsaker, 31st March 1933; Gardener (Secretary of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences) to Prandtl, 15th April 1933; Hunsaker to Prandtl, 10th July 1933. MPGA, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 724.

  150. 150.

    Luftwissen, 3, 1936, pp. 268–276.

  151. 151.

    Luftwissen, 4, 1937, S. 294–333.

  152. 152.

    Some Notes on European Aeronautics in 1935, Report by Ide to NACA, 14th January 1936. Washington, DC, Garber Facility, John Jay Ide Collection (NASARCH Accession XXXX-0070), Box 6: Intelligence Reports, 1935–1940.

  153. 153.

    Ide to NACA, 23rd October 1936. Washington, DC, Garber Facility, John Jay Ide Collection (NASARCH Accession XXXX-0070), Box 6: Intelligence Reports, 1935–1940.

  154. 154.

    Cited in Roland (1985, p. 149).

  155. 155.

    Ide to NACA, 14th January 1936. Washington, DC, Garber Facility, John Jay Ide Collection (NASARCH Accession XXXX-0070), Box 6: Intelligence Reports, 1935–1940.

  156. 156.

    Prandtl to Durand, 10th July 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1967.

  157. 157.

    Prandtl to Baeumker, 24th August 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1967.

  158. 158.

    Milch to Rust, 18th February 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 2149.

  159. 159.

    McMahon to Hunsaker, 21st July 1938; Peters to Kármán, 4th August 1938; Kármán to Boetticher, 26th August 1938. TKC 47-3-8.

  160. 160.

    Durand to Prandtl, 2nd December 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1969.

  161. 161.

    Luftwissen, 7, 1940, p. 252.

  162. 162.

    Notes on European Aeronautical Developments in 1938, 10th January 1939. Washington, DC, Garber Facility, John Jay Ide Collection (NASARCH Accession XXXX-0070), Box 6: Intelligence Reports 1938.

  163. 163.

    Baeumker to Prandtl, 17th March 1939. Reproduced in Trischler (1993, Doc. No. 46).

  164. 164.

    Prandtl to Todt, 16th June 1938; Todt to Prandtl, 26th June 1938. Cited in Maier (2015, p. 223).

  165. 165.

    Cassidy (2009), Eckert (2007).

  166. 166.

    Prandtl to Heisenberg, 12th May 1936. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 643.

  167. 167.

    Heisenberg to Prandtl, 24th November 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 643.

  168. 168.

    Prandtl to Heisenberg, 18th December 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 643.

  169. 169.

    Luftwissen, 5, 1938, p. 34.

  170. 170.

    Prandtl to Heisenberg, 5th March 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 643.

  171. 171.

    Heisenberg to Prandtl, 8th March 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 643.

  172. 172.

    Prandtl to Himmler, 12th July 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 675.

  173. 173.

    Himmler to Prandtl, 21st July 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 675.

  174. 174.

    Hachtmann (2007, p. 295).

  175. 175.

    Prandtl to Telschow, 20th October 1937. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1674.

  176. 176.

    Luftwissen, 4, 1937, p. 321.

  177. 177.

    Luftwissen, 6, 1939, p. 133f.

  178. 178.

    Taylor to Prandtl, 27th September 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

  179. 179.

    Vogel-Prandtl (2005, p. 145f.).

  180. 180.

    Prandtl to Taylor, 29th October 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

  181. 181.

    Prandtl to Taylor, 29th September 1938. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

  182. 182.

    Taylor to Prandtl, 16th November 1938. GOAR 3670-1.

  183. 183.

    Prandtl to Kampé de Fériet, 5. August 1939. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 790.

  184. 184.

    Richtlinien für die Leiter deutscher Abordnungen zu Kongressen im Ausland. Berlin: Deutsche Kongress-Zentrale, 1938. Typescript. Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Kiel, hier p. 2 and p. 31.

  185. 185.

    Deutsche Kongress-Zentrale, Abt. Ausland, Rundbrief, 10th October 1939. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 297.

  186. 186.

    Prandtl to the Deutsche Kongress-Zentrale, Abt. Ausland, 14th October 1939. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 297. In the list are the names of 45 colleagues of Prandtl from 11 countries, but none from France.

  187. 187.

    Deutsche Kongress-Zentrale, Abt. Ausland, to Prandtl, 18th October 1939. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 297. Regarding Hitler’s speech, please refer to Wildt, 2006.

  188. 188.

    Prandtl to Hunsaker, 3rd November 1939. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 724.

  189. 189.

    Prandtl to Clark B. Millikan, 6th November 1939. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1073.

  190. 190.

    Prandtl to Mrs. Taylor, 5th August 1939. AMPG, Abt. III, Rep. 61, No. 1654.

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    Michael Eckert

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Eckert, M. (2019). “Prof. Prandtl Is Totally Uninterested in Politics …”. In: Ludwig Prandtl. Springer Biographies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05663-6_7

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