Abstract
All processes occurring in nature are based on interactions between elementary particles mediated by the four fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak, and strong interaction, and gravitation). For composite particles, processes occur which can be regarded as effective interactions. Examples are nuclear reactions of neutrons in matter, the Bremsstrahlung emission of charged particles in the Coulomb field of atomic nuclei, or the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique for amplifying an ultrashort laser pulse up to PW-intensities. The laser pulse is stretched temporally and spectrally with optical gratings to decrease the energy density prior to a second amplification. Afterwards the broad laser pulse is compressed again. Without chirping the pulse, the amplifier medium would be destroyed by non-linear optical effects.
- 2.
A Primary Knock-on Atom is an atom that is the first atom that is displaced from its lattice position by irradiation. With sufficient energy, the PKA can induce subsequent displacements of other atoms resulting in a damage cascade.
- 3.
This is the mean energy of neutrons produced in nuclear fission of 235U.
- 4.
A pseudorandom number generator is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers which are approximately randomly distributed. The sequence is not truly random, because it is completely determined by an initial value, called the seed.
References
J.D. Bjorken, S.D. Drell, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. (MC Graw Hill Book Company, 1964). ISBN: 0-07-005493-2
G. Musiol, J. Ranft, R. Reif, D. Seliger, Kern- und Elementarteilchenphysik, 2nd edn. (Verlag Harri Deutsch, 1995), p. 1127. ISBN: 3-8171-1404-4
H. Schwoerer, J. Magill, B. Beleites, Lasers and nuclei. Applications of ultrahigh intensity lasers in nuclear science. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 694 (Springer, Berlin, 2006). ISBN: 978-3-540-30271-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/b11559214
G. Schmidt, Physics of High Temperature Plasmas, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, New York, 1979)
R.A. Snavely et al., Intense high-energy proton beams from petawatt-laser irradiation of solids. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(14), 2945–2948 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2945
M. Hegelich et al., MeV ion jets from short-pulse-laser interaction with thin foils. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(8), Aug 2002. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.085002
Stephen P. Hatchett et al., Electron, photon, and ion beams from the relativistic interaction of Petawatt laser pulses with solid targets. Phys. Plasmas 7(5), 2076–2082 (2000)
J. Fuchs et al., Laser-driven proton scaling laws and new paths towards energy increase. Nat. Phys. 2(1), 48–54 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys199
A.P.L. Robinson, A.R. Bell, R.J. Kingham, Effect of target composition on proton energy spectra in ultraintense laser-solid interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(3) (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.035005
S. Karsch, High-intensity laser generated neutrons: a novel neutron source and new tool for plasma diagnostics. Ph.D. Thesis. München: LMU Munich, Faculty of Physics (2002). https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/703/1/Karsch_Stefan.pdf
H. Schwoerer et al., Laser-plasma acceleration of quasi-monoenergetic protons from microstructured targets. Nature 439(7075), 445–448 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04492
L. Yin et al., Monoenergetic and GeV ion acceleration from the laser breakout afterburner using ultrathin targets a. Phys. Plasmas 14, 5 (2007)
B.J. Albright et al., Relativistic buneman instability in the laser breakout afterburner. Phys. Plasmas 14, 9 (2007)
A. Henig et al., Enhanced laser-driven ion acceleration in the relativistic transparency regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(4) (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.045002
D. Jung, Ion acceleration from relativistic laser nano-target interaction. Ph.D. Thesis. München: LMU Munich, Faculty of Physics (2012). https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14074/1/Jung_Daniel.pdf
M. Roth, Breaking the 70 MeV proton energy threshold in laser proton acceleration and guiding beams to applications, in IPAC Dresden (2014). http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/IPAC2014/talks/wexb01_talk.pdf
D. Jung et al., Characterization of a novel, short pulse laser-driven neutron source. Phys. Plasmas 20(5), 056706 (2013). p. 9. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804640
M. Roth et al., Bright laser-driven neutron source based on the relativistic transparency of solids. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(4) (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.044802
D. Faircloth, Ion sources for high-power hadron accelerators, in CERN Accelerator School on High Power Hadron Machines (CAS 2011). (Bilbao, Spain, May 24–June 2, 2011) (2013). arXiv:1302.3745v1 [physics.acc-ph]. https://inspirehep.net/record/1220608/files/arXiv:1302.3745.pdf
R. Scrivens, Electron and ion sources for particle accelerators, in CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Intermediate Course on Accelerator Physics. (Zeuthen, Germany, Sept, 15–26, 2003) (2006), pp. 495–504. https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2006-002.495. https://cds.cern.ch/record/941321
I.M. Kapchinskii, V.A. Teplyakov, Linear Ion Accelerator with spatially homogeneous strong focusing. Instrum. Exp. Tech. 2.322(6) (1970)
C. Zhang, A. Schempp, Beam dynamics studies on a 200 mA proton radio frequency quadrupole accelerator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip. 586(2), 153–159 (2008). ISSN: 0168-9002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.12.001. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900207024199
R.H. Stokes, T.P. Wangler, Radiofrequency quadrupole accelerators and their applications. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 38(1), 97–118 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.38.120188.000525
F. Hinterberger, Physik der Teilchenbeschleuniger und Ionenoptik, 2nd edn. (Springer, 2008)
Superconductivity and cryogenics for accelerators and detectors, in CAS - CERN Accelerator School. (Erice, Italy, May 8–17, 2002) (2004). ISBN: 92-9083-230-4. http://cds.cern.ch/record/503603/files/CERN-2004-008.pdf?version=2
L. Lilje et al., Achievement of 35 MV/m in the superconducting nine-cell cavities for TESLA. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip. 524(1–3), 1–12 (2004). ISSN: 0168-9002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.01.045. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900204001391
G.D. Alton, J.R. Beene, The holifield radioactive ion beam facility at the oak ridge national laboratory: present status and future plans. J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys. 24(8), 1347 (1998). http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0954-3899/24/8/006/pdf
High Voltage Engineering Europa B.V. Singletron Accelerator Systems. Coaxial and In-Line Positive Ion Accelerators. Online brochure. Netherlands. http://www.highvolteng.com/media/Brochures/Singletron_broch.pdf (visited on 17 May 2017)
K. Bethge, G. Walter, B. Wiedemann. Kernphysik. 2nd edn. (Springer, 2001). 196 ff. ISBN: 978-3-540-74567-9
J. Lilley. Nuclear Physics. Principles and Applications. Repr. with Corrections 2006. (Wiley, 2001). ISBN: 978-0-471-97936-4
A.J. Koning, D. Rochman, Modern nuclear data evaluation with the TALYS code system. Nucl. Data Sheets 113(12), 2841–2934 (2012). ISSN: 0090-3752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2012.11.002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090375212000889
Passage of particles through matter, in: 2016 Review of Particle Physics. Ed. by C. Patrignani et al. Revised Jan. 2012 by H. Bichsel, D.E. Groom, S.R. Klein. June 18, 2012, pp. 18–20. http://pdg.lbl.gov/2013/reviews/rpp2012-rev-passage-particles-matter.pdf (visited on 28 Apr 2017)
H.A. Kramers. XCIII. On the theory of X-ray absorption and of the continuous X-ray spectrum. In: Philosophical Magazine Series 6 46.275, 1923, pp. 836–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442308565244
G.C. Baldwin, G.S. Klaiber, Photo-fission in heavy elements. Phys. Rev. 71(1), 3–10 (1947). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.71.3
C. Segebade, H.P. Weise, G.J. Lutz, Photon Activation Analysis. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter (1988). ISBN 3-11-007250-5
Y. Otake, Introduction of RIKEN miniature neutron source system “RANS”. Technical Report Japan (2013). http://rans.riken.jp/pdf/14012401.pdf
Y. Yamagata, J. Ju, K. Hirota, Neutron generation source, and neutron generation device. EP Patent App. EP20130757266 (Japan) (2015). http://www.google.com/patents/EP2824999A1?cl=en
H. Kumada et al., Development of beryllium-based neutron target system with three-layer structure for accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 106, 78–83 (2015). The 16th International Congress on Neutron Capture Therapy (ICNCT-16). Representative person of the Organizing Committee: Dr Hanna Koivunoro (Secretary general of the ICNCT-16). ISSN: 0969-8043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.033. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804315301159
T. Rinckel, D.V. Baxter, J. Doskow, P.E. Sokol, T. Todd, Target performance at the low energy neutron source. Phys. Procedia 26, 168–177 (2012). ISSN: 1875-3892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.022. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389212004385
H. Kumada et al., Development of beryllium-based neutron target system with three-layer structure for accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 106, 78–83 (2015). The 16th International Congress on Neutron Capture Therapy (ICNCT-16). Representative person of the Organizing Committee: Dr Hanna Koivunoro (Secretary general of the ICNCT-16). ISSN: 0969-8043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.033. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804315301159
P. Zakalek, Development of high-brilliant neutron source targets. Workshop Presentation in Unkel, Germany. Jülich Center for Neutron Science 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich (2016)
H. Wipf, Solubility and diffusion of hydrogen in pure metals and alloys. Phys. Scr. 2001.T94, 43 (2001). http://stacks.iop.org/1402-4896/2001/i=T94/a=006
G. Alefeld, J. Völkl (eds.), Hydrogen in Metals I. Basic Properties. Vol. 28. Topics in Applied Physics (Springer, Heidelberg, 1978). ISBN: 978-3- 540-08705-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-08705-2
E. Abramov, M.P. Riehm, D.A. Thompson, W.W. Smeltzer, Deuterium permeation and diffusion in high-purity beryllium. J. Nucl. Mater. 175(1), 90–95 (1990). ISSN: 0022-3115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(90)90274-Q
P. Zakalek et al., Temperature profiles inside a target irradiated with protons or deuterons for the development of a compact accelerator driven neutron source. Phys. B Condens. Matter ISSN, 0921–4526 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.01.049
S. Gary, Was (Springer, Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science. Metals and Alloys, 2007). ISBN: 978-3-540-49471-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49472-0
Y. Dai et al., Assessment of the lifetime of the beam window of MEGAPIE target liquid metal container. J. Nucl. Mater. 356(1), 308–320 (2006). Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Spallation Materials Technology. ISSN: 0022-3115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.05.036
M.J. Norgett, M.T. Robinson, I.M. Torrens, A proposed method of calculating displacement dose rates. Nucl. Eng. Des. 33(1), 50–54 (1975). ISSN: 0029-5493. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(75)90035-7
R.E. MacFarlane, The NJOY Nuclear Data Processing System, Version 2012. Ed. by A. C. Kahler. LA-UR-12-27079. Technical Report Los Alamos National Laboratory (2012). http://t2.lanl.gov/nis/publications/NJOY2012.pdf
B.L. Cohen, T.H. Handley, experimental studies of (p, t) reactions. Phys. Rev. 93(3), 514–517 (1954). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.93.514
F.J. Bermejo, F. Sordo, ESS-Bilbao Target station. Technical Design Report. ESS-Bilbao Target Devision, p. 33 (2013). ISRN: 978-84-695-8105-6. http://www.essbilbao.org/index.php/en/component/docman/doc_download/417-essb-ntar-2013-final-tdr-july
D. Emendörfer, K.H. Höcker, Theorie der Kernreaktoren, vol. 2, Stuttgart, Germany (1969). ISBN: 3-411-01599-3
D.E. Parks, M.S. Nelkin, J.R. Beyster, N.F. Wikner. SlowNeutron Scattering and Thermalization (W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York, 1970)
R.E. MacFarlane, New Thermal Neutron Scattering Files for ENDF/B-VI Release 2. LA-12639-MS. Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, Mar 1994. https://t2.lanl.gov/nis/publications/thermal.pdf (visited on 06/21/2017)
THERMR. Incoherent Inelastic Scattering. Los Alamos National Laboratory (2013). http://t2.lanl.gov/nis/njoy/ther02.html (visited on 05/25/2017)
C.M. Lavelle et al., Neutronic design and measured performance of the Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) target moderator reflector assembly. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip. 587(2–3), 324–341 (2008). ISSN: 0168-9002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.12.044. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900208000028
T.A. Broome, Prospects for targets and methane moderators at ISIS, in Proceedings of the Meetings ICANS-XIII and ESS-PM4 2 (1995). ISSN: 1019-6447. https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?RN=27061066
Q.X. Feng et al., The solution of cold neutron source using solid methane moderator for the CPHS. Phys. Procedia 26, 49–54 (2012). ISSN: 1875-3892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389212004245
J.M. Carpenter, Thermally activated release of stored chemical energy in cryogenic media. Nature 330, 358–360 (1987). ISSN: 0028-0836. https://doi.org/10.1038/330358a0
E. Shabalin et al., Experimental study of swelling of irradiated solid methane during annealing. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 266(24), 5126–5131 (2008). ISSN: 0168-583X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.09.022. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X08010379
M. Huerta Parajon, E. Abad, F.J. Bermejo, A review of the cold neutron moderator materials: neutronic performance and radiation effects. Phys. Procedia 60, 74–82 (2014). ISSN: 1875-3892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.11.012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389214005598
V. Ananiev et al., Pelletized cold moderator of the IBR-2 reactor: current status and future development. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 746(1) (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012031
J. Van Kranendonk, Solid Hydrogen. Theory of the Properties of Solid \(H_{2}\), HD, and \(D_{2}\). Springer US (1983). ISBN: 978-1-4684-4303-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4301-1
K.B. Grammer et al., Measurement of the scattering cross section of slow neutrons on liquid parahydrogen from neutron transmission. Phys. Rev. B 91(18) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.180301
K. Batkov, A. Takibayev, L. Zanini, F. Mezei, Unperturbed moderator brightness in pulsed neutron sources. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip. 729, 500–505 (2013). ISSN: 0168- 9002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.07.031. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900213010073
Ferenc Mezei et al., Low dimensional neutron moderators for enhanced source brightness. J. Neutron Res. 17(2), 101–105 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3233/JNR-140013. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.2474
V.F. Sears. Neutron Optics. An introduction to the theory of neutron optical phenomena and their applications (Oxford University Press, 1989). ISBN: 978-0195046014
T. Brückel, D. Richter, G. Roth, A. Wischnewski, R. Zorn (eds.), Neutron Scattering: Lectures, vol. 106. Schlüsseltechnologien/Key Technologies. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (2015). ISBN 978-3-95806-055-5
T. Chupp, Neutron Optics and Polarization. Presentation at the Summerschool on Neutron Research. NIST Center for Neutron Research (2009). https://www.ncnr.nist.gov/summerschool/ss09/pdf/Chupp_FP09.pdf (visited on 06/15/2017)
N. Metropolis, S. Ulam, The monte carlo method. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 44(247), 335–341 (1949). PMID: 18139350. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1949.10483310
X-5 Monte Carlo Team. MCNP - A General N-Particle Transport Code, Version 5. LA-UR-03-1987. Technical Report Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1 Feb 2008. https://laws.lanl.gov/vhosts/mcnp.lanl.gov/pdf_files/la-ur-03-1987.pdf
D.B. Pelowitz (ed.), MCNPX Users Manual Version 2.7.0. LA-CP-11-00438. Los Alamos, USA (2011)
P. Sauvan, J. Sanz, F. Ogando, New capabilities for Monte Carlo simulation of deuteron transport and secondary products generation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. (Section A) 614(3), 323–330 (2010). ISSN: 0168-9002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.12.084. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900209024255/pdfft?md5=2e82c9c5e77cab8bf504087eaf062bbe&pid=1-s2.0-S0168900209024255-main.pdf
T. Goorley et al., Initial MCNP6 release overview. Nucl. Technol. 180(3), 298–315 (2012). https://doi.org/10.13182/NT11-135
M. Loeve, Probability theory I, in Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 4th edn., vol. 45 (Springer New York, 1977). ISBN: 978-0-387-90210-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9464-8
J. Rice. Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, 2nd edn. (Duxbury Press, 1995). ISBN: 0-534-20934-3
Optimsmoose. File:Some probability distribution.png. The copyright holder of this work releases this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide. 5 Jan 2011. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wimimedia/commons/e/e5/Some_probability_distribution.png (visited on 24 May 2017)
Pekaje. File: Accuracy and precision.svg. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation (2007). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Accuracy_and_precision.svg (visited on 24 May 2017)
J.C. Wagner, D.E. Peplow, S.W. Mosher, FW-CADIS method for global and regional variance reduction of monte carlo radiation transport calculations. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 176(1), 37–57 (2014). https://doi.org/10.13182/NSE12-33
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dabruck, J.P. (2018). Physical and Technical Principles. In: Target Station Optimization for the High-Brilliance Neutron Source HBS. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05639-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05639-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05638-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05639-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)