Skip to main content

The Expert: Striving for a Circular Economy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Corporate Power and Regulation

Part of the book series: International Series on Public Policy ((ISPP))

Abstract

This chapter analyses corporate expertise in managing the environmental and health impacts of materials. First, it introduces the European plastics and paper industries and discusses their varying exposure to public and NGO pressure. Next, it considers how measures proposed under the circular economy initiative might affect these industries in the future. A second part contrasts the diverging rationales of the two industry branches in the EU regulatory process: the paper industry as a producer and recycler of an organic material is asking for more stringent regulation of hazardous substances and waste management processes; the plastics industry mainly seeks to relax regulatory requirements. Both industries, however, have engaged in voluntary recycling schemes in order to pre-empt sector-specific regulation and raise their environmental reputation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • #breakfreefromplastic. (2018) Break Free from Plastic Global Movement. Available at: https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/about/ (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • AEA Technology. (2000) Economic Evaluation of PVC Waste Management. A Report Produced for European Commission Environmental Directorate. Oxfordshire: AEA Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson A. (2010) Communicating Chemical Risks: Beyond the Risk Society. In: Eriksson J, Gilek M and Rudén C (eds) Regulating Chemical Risks: European and Global Challenges. Dordrecht: Springer, 29–44.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson AG. (2014) Media, Environment and the Network Society. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • ARGUS. (2000) The Behaviour of PVC in Landfill. Final Report February 2000. Brussels: European Commission DGXI.E.3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basbanes NA. (2013) On Paper: The Everything of Its Two-Thousand-Year History. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer MW and Knill C. (2012) Understanding Policy Dismantling: An Analytical Framework. In: Bauer MW, Jordan A, Green-Pederson C, et al. (eds) Dismantling Public Policy: Preferences, Strategies, and Effects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 30–51.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • bio by Deloitte. (2014) Technical Assistance Related to the Review of REACH with Regard to the Registration Requirements on Polymer. Final Report Prepared for the European Commission (DG ENV), in collaboration with PIEP. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomsma F and Brennan G. (2017) The Emergence of Circular Economy: A New Framing Around Prolonging Resource Productivity. Journal of Industrial Ecology 21(3): 603–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borrello et al. (2016) The Seven Challenges for Transitioning into a Bio-based Circular Economy in the Agri-food Sector. Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 8(1): 39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourguignon D. (2015) Understanding Waste Streams. Treatment of Specific Waste. Briefing July 2015. PE 564.398. Brussels: EPRS European Parliamentary Research Service. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-564398-Understanding-waste-streams-FINAL.pdf (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • Business Wire. (2017) Corrugated Box Market in Europe to Grow at a CAGR of 6.2% by 2021: Key Players are DS Smith, Georgia-Pacific, International Paper, Mondi, Smurfit Kappa & WestRock—Research and Markets. Business Wire: 22.8.2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carus M and Dammer L. (2018) The “Circular Bioeconomy”—Concepts, Opportunities and Limitations. Hürth: nova-Institute Institute for Ecology and Innovation.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEPI. (2005) Sustainable Forest Management. Position Paper: 1.3.2015. Available at: http://www.cepi.org/position-paper/sustainable-forest-management (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • CEPI. (2010) Annual Statistics 2009. European Pulp and Paper Industry. Brussels: Confederation of European Paper Industry. http://www.cepi.org/system/files/public/documents/publications/statistics/Annual%20Statistics%202009.pdf (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • CEPI. (2013) End-of-Waste = End of Recycling? Brussels: Confederation of European Paper Industry. Available at: http://www.cepi.org/press-release/end-waste-end-recycling (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • CEPI. (2017) Key Statistics 2016. European Pulp and Paper Industry. Brussels: Confederation of European Paper Industry. Available at: http://www.cepi.org/publication/key-statistics-2016 (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • CEPI. (2018a) Key Statistics 2017. European Pulp and Paper Industry. Brussels: Confederation of European Paper Industry. Available at: http://www.cepi.org/keystatistics2017 (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • CEPI. (2018b) Latest Market Data Demonstrates Strong Performance for the European Pulp and Paper Industry in 2017. Press Release: 16.07.2018. Brussels: Confederation of European Paper Industry. Available at: Latest Market Data Demonstrates Strong Performance for the European Pulp and Paper Industry in 2017 (accessed 18.3.2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • CEPI, ETS, EuroCommerce, et al. (2016) Letter to the European Commission President Juncker and First Vice-President Timmermans: 19.12.2016. Concerns on the Potential Discontinuation of EU Ecolabel Product Groups. Brussels: Council of the European Paper Industry, European Tissue Symposium, The European Consumer Organisation, European Environmental Bureau. Available at: http://www.cepi.org/press-release/letter-european-commission-president-juncker-and-first-vice-president-timmermans (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • CHEM Trust. (2016) Chemicals in Food Contact Materials: A Gap in the Internal Market, a Failure in Public Protection. Policy Briefing. Brussels. Available at: https://chemtrust.org/food-contact (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Technische Universität Dresden, et al. (2012) Abschlussbericht zur wissenschaftlichen Studie. Ausmaß der Migration unerwünschter Stoffe aus Verpackungsmaterialien aus Altpapier in Lebensmitteln. Bonn: Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz.

    Google Scholar 

  • chemsec. (2018) The International Chemical Secretariat. Available at: http://chemsec.org/about-us/ (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • CITPA, CEPI, ACE, et al. (2017) Letter to European Commission Vice President Timmermans on Plastics Strategy: 16.11.2017. Brussels: CITPA et al. Available at: http://www.cepi.org/news/letter-european-commission-vice-president-timmermans-plastics-strategy (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • ClientEarth. (2017) 10 Years In: Time for ECHA to Disseminate Strategic Information to Empower Third Parties. Brussels: ClientEarth. Available at: https://www.documents.clientearth.org/wp-content/uploads/library/2017-12-18-10-years-in-time-for-echa-to-disseminate-strategic-information-to-empower-third-parties-ce-en.pdf (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • ClientEarth. (2018) Poland’s Forests. Available at: https://www.clientearth.org/polands-forests/ (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • ClientEarth and chemsec. (2018) How to Find and Analyse Alternatives in the Authorisation Process. London, Stockholm: ClientEarth, International Chemical Secretariat. Available at: https://chemsec.org/publication/authorisation-process,reach/how-to-find-and-analyse-alternatives-in-the-authorisation-process (accessed 8.3.2019).

  • ClientEarth, EEB, chemsec, et al. (2018) Call for Evidence on Microplastics: Concerns and Recommendations. London: ClientEarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe JM and Rogers D. (2012) Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Confino J. (2015) Future of Europe’s Circular Economy Mired in Controversy. The Guardian: 3.2.2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper T. (2008) Challenging the ‘Refuse Revolution’: War, Waste and the Rediscovery of Recycling, 1900–50. Historical Research 81(214): 710–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler CA, Haufler V and Porter TP. (1999) Private Authority and International Affairs. Albany, NY: Suny Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Amato et al. (2017) Green, Circular, Bio Economy: A Comparative Analysis of Sustainability Avenues. Journal of Cleaner Production 168: 716–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delreux T and Happaerts S. (2016) Environmental Policy and Politics in the European Union. London, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Directorate General Enterprise. (2000) Recycling Forum. Final Report. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Directorate General Environment. (2000) Study on Minimum Quantity of Recycled Material in Certain Paper and Cardboard Applications. Darmstadt: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Papierfabrikation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogwood Alliance. (2017) The Great American Stand: US Forsts and the Climate Emergency—Why the United States Needs an Aggressive Forest Protection Agenda Focused in Its Own Backyard. Asheville: Dogwood Alliance.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECHA. (2016) REACH 2018: Registration Deadline for Low-Volume Chemicals. Press Release REACH 2018: 1.4.2018. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. Available at: https://echa.europa.eu/de/press/press-material/pr-for-reach-2018 (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • ECHA. (2018) Summary: The REACH 2018 Deadline. ECHA REACH 2018 Registration Results. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECPI. (2003) US Product Safety Authority Agrees with Use of DINP in Toys. ECPI Press Release. Brussels: European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECPI. (2005) EU Decision to Restrict Use of Phthalates in Toys Ignores EU Risk Assessment. Brussels: European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates.

    Google Scholar 

  • EDC Free Europe. (2018) The EDC-Free Europe Coalition of Public Interest Groups. Available at: http://www.edc-free-europe.org/about-us/ (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • EEA. (2009) Diverting Waste from Landfill. Effectiveness of Waste-Management Policies in the European Union. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • EEB. (2018a) The European Commission Steps Forward to Cut Down on Single-Use Plastics: But It’s Just the Beginning. EEB Press Release: 28.5.2018. Brussels: European Environmental Bureau. Available at: https://eeb.org/european-commission-steps-forward-to-cut-on-single-use-plastics-but-its-just-the-beginning (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • EEB. (2018b) Towards an EU Product Policy Framework Contributing to the Circular Economy. EEB proposals: 20.2.2019. Brussels: European Environmental Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • EMF. (2012, 2013) Towards a Circular Economy. Vol. 1. Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition. First published 25.1.2012. Cowes: Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-Circular-Economy-vol.1.pdf (accessed 20.3.2019).

  • EMF. (2014) Towards the Circular Economy, Vol. 3: Accelerating the Scale-up across Global Supply Chains. Cowes: Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/towards-the-circular-economy-vol-3-accelerating-the-scale-up-across-global-supply-chains (accessed 20.3.2019).

  • EMF. (2016) The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics. Cowes: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPN. (2015) Letter to the Minister for Climate and the Environment, Government of Sweden. Lochinver: Environmental Paper Network Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPN. (2017) Annual Report 2016. Europe and Beyond. Lochinver: European Environmental Paper Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPN. (2018) Environmental Paper Network. Available at: http://environmentalpaper.org/ (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • EPRC. (2018) Monitoring Report 2016. European Declaration on Paper Recycling 2016–2020. Brussels: European Paper Recycling Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • ERPC. (2007) European Declaration on Paper Recycling 2006–2010. Monitoring Report 2007. Brussels: European Recovered Paper Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • ERPC. (2016a) European Declaration on Paper Recycling 2011–2015. Monitoring Report 2015. Brussels: European Recovered Paper Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • ERPC. (2016b) European Paper Declaration 2016–2020. Brussels: European Recovered Paper Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • ERPC. (2016c) Paper Recycling Chain Exceeds its Voluntary Commitment. Press Release: 20.10.2016. Brussels: European Recovered Paper Council. Available at: http://www.cepi.org/press-release/paper-recycling-chain-exceeds-its-voluntary-commitment (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • ESPA. (2018) European Plasticisers. Available at: https://www.europeanplasticisers.eu/about-us (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • EUBP. (2018a) Members & Membership. Brussels: European Bioplastics. Available at: https://www.european-bioplastics.org/about-us/members-membership (accessed 7.1.2019).

  • EUBP. (2018b) Single-Use Plastics Directive Fails to Acknowledge Potential of Biodegradable Plastics. Position Paper: 23.1.2019. Brussels: European Bioplastics. Available at: https://www.european-bioplastics.org/single-use-plastics-directive-fails-to-acknowledge-potential-of-biodegradable-plastics (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • EuPC. (2018) European Plastics Converters. Available at: https://www.plasticsconverters.eu (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • European Bioeconomy Alliance. (2018) About Us. Available at: https://bioeconomyalliance.eu/about-euba-bioeconomyalliance (accessed 7.1.2019).

  • European Commission. (1999) Ban of Phthalates in Childcare Articles and Toys. Press Release IP-99-829: 10.11.1999. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2000) Green Paper. Environmental Issues of PVC. COM (2000) 469 final. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2012a) Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bioeconomy for Europe. Brussels: European Commission. Directorate General for Research and Innovation.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2014b) Communication: Towards a Circular Economy: A Zero Waste Programme for Europe. COM (2014) 398 final. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2015) Closing the Loop: An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy. COM (2015) 614 final. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2017c) Expert Group Report: Review of the EU Bioeconomy Strategy and Its Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Directorate General for Research and Innovation.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2018a) Circular Economy: Implementation of the Circular Economy Action Plan. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm (accessed 7.8.2018).

  • European Commission. (2018b) Circular Economy: New Rules Will Make EU the Global Front-Runner in Waste Management and Recycling. Press Release IP-18-3846: 22.5.2018. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2018c) Commission General Report on the Operation of REACH and Review of Certain Elements: Conclusions and Actions. COM (2018) 116 final. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2018d) Communication on the Implementation of the Circular Economy Package: Options to Address the Interface Between Chemical, Product and Waste Legislation. COM (2018) 32 final. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2018e) Communication: A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy. COM (2018) 28 final. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2018f) EU Ecolabel Paper Products. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ecat/category/en/35/printed-paper (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • European Commission. (2018g) Green Public Procurement. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/eu_gpp_criteria_en.htm (accessed 25.6.2018).

  • European Commission. (2018h) Single-Use Plastics: New EU Rules to Reduce Marine Litter. Press Release IP-18-3927: 28.5.2018. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2018i) A Sustainable Bioeconomy for Europe: Strengthening the Connection Between Economy, Society and the Environment. Updated Bioeconomy Strategy. Brussels: European Commission. Directorate General for Research and Innovation.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Council. (2018a) Single-Use Plastics: Presidency Reaches Provisional Agreement with Parliament. Press Release 818/18: 19.12.2018. Brussels: Council of the EU. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/de/press/press-releases/2018/12/19/single-use-plastics-presidency-reaches-provisional-agreement-with-parliament (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • European Council. (2018b) Waste Management and Recycling: Council Adopts New Rules. Press Release 259/18: 22.5.2018. Brussels: Council of the EU. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/05/22/waste-management-and-recycling-council-adopts-new-rules (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • European Parliament. (2015a) Don’t Allow Recycling of Plastics that Contain Toxic Phthalate DEHP, Warn MEPs. Press Release: 25.11.2015. Brussels: European Parliament. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20151120IPR03616/don-t-allow-recycling-of-plastics-that-contain-toxic-phthalate-dehp-warn-meps (accessed 18.3.2019).

  • European Parliament. (2019) Parliament Seals Ban on Throwaway Plastics by 2021. Press Release: 27.3.2019. Strasbourg: European Parliament.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat. (2018b) Packaging Waste Statistics. Statistics Explained. Brussels: Eurostat. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Packaging_waste_statistics (accessed 1.10.2018).

  • Eyes on the Forest. (2011) The Truth Behind APP’s Greenwash. Investigative Report Eyes on the Forest. Eyes on the Forest: Riau, Sumatra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenichell S. (1996) Plastic: The Making of a Synthetic Century. Grand Rapids, MI: Harper Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer C. (2011) The Development and Achievements of EU Waste Policy. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 13(1): 2–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer F. (1990) Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forcier JR. (1994) Judicial Excess: The Political Economy of the American Legal System. Lanham, New York, London: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs D. (2007) Business Power in Global Governance. London: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geissdoerfer M, Savaget P, Bocken NMP, et al. (2017) The Circular Economy: A New Sustainability Paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production 143: 757–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • German Environment Aid. (2018) Deutsche Umwelthilfe befürwortet EU-Verbot von Plastikgeschirr und fordert verbindliche Einführung von Mehrwegalternativen. Berlin: Deutsche Umwelthilfe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glachant M. (2003) Voluntary Agreements Under Endogenous Legislative Threats. FEEM Working Paper No. 36.2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenpeace. (2000) Hazardous Chemicals in PVC Flooring. A Report Compiled for He Healthy Flooring Network, Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Note No. 14/00. Exeter: Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenpeace. (2001) Toxic Chemicals in a Child’s World: An Investigation into PVC Plastic Products. Exeter: Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenpeace. (2002) Exposing the Dirty Path of PVC. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenpeace. (2003) PVC-Free Future: A Review of Restrictions and PVC free Policies Worldwide: A List Compiled by Greenpeace International. 9th ed. June 2003. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenpeace. (2012) PVC ist übel. Die harte Wahrheit über weiches PVC. Greenpeace Magazin 2012(6), Hamburg: Greenpeace Deutschland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halfteck G. (2006) A Theory of Legislative Threats. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halfteck G. (2008) Legislative Threats. Stanford Law Review 61: 629–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen S. (2018) A Storm Is Raging Over the EU Plastics Packaging Sector. January 2018. Utrecht: RaboResearch Food & Agribusiness.

    Google Scholar 

  • HEAL. (2018) HEAL’s Response to the EU Commission’s Proposed Roadmap ‘Towards a More Comprehensive Framework on Endocrine Disruptors’. Brussels: Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Héritier A and Eckert S. (2008) New Modes of Governance in the Shadow of Hierarchy: Self-Regulation by Industry in Europe. Journal of Public Policy 28(1): 113–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Héritier A and Eckert S. (2009) Self-Regulation by Associations: A Collective Action Problem in Environmental Regulation. Business and Politics 11(1): 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hontelez J. (2012) The Influence of Non-governmental Environmental Organisations on EU Policies. In: Wijen F, Zoeteman K and Pieters J (eds) A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy, Second Edition: National Government Interventions in a Global Arena. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar, 663–683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter D. (1978) Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft. New York: Dover Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview COM. (2005) Policy Officer Sustainable Production and Consumption, DG ENVI, Brussels, 23.11.2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview COM. (2006) Policy Officer Sustainable Production and Consumption, DG ENVI, Brussels, 23.3.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview COM. (2017, 2019) Head of Unit, DG ENVI, Brussels, 10.4.2017 and 9.1.2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview Consumer Organisation. (2017) Project Officer, BEUC, Brussels, 12.4.2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview ENGO. (2006) Head of Office, Greenpeace European Unit, 22.2.2006, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview ENGO. (2017) Executive Director, CHEM Trust, London, 17.7.2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview EP. (2005a) MEP, EPP-DE, IMCO, Brussels, 22.2.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview EP. (2005b) MEP, PSE-IT, ENVI, Florence, 2.6.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview EP. (2005c) Polic Officer Greens/EFA, Brussels, 23.11.2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview EP. (2017) Polic Officer Greens/EFA, Brussels, 12.4.2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview paper industry. (2006a) Managing Director, Recycling and EU Affairs Manager, GesPaRec, VDP, Bonn, 8.5.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview paper industry. (2006b) Recycling Director, CEPI, Brussels, 5.5.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview paper industry. (2006c) Deputy Secretary General, FEAD, Phone, 24.1.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview paper industry. (2006d) EU Affairs Manager, Technical Director, FEFCO, Brussels, 5.5.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview paper industry. (2006e) Managing Director, BVSE, ERPA, Bonn, 8.5.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview paper industry. (2017) Deputy Director General, CEPI, Brussels, 11.4.2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview plastics industry. (2006a) Deputy Director, ECPI, Brussels, 23.2.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview plastics industry. (2006b) Director Infraserv Höchst, Frankfurt/Main, 24.4.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Interview plastics industry. (2019) Technical and Environmental Affairs Manager, Public Affairs Senior Manager, ECVM, Brussels, 11.1.2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchherr J, Reike D and Hekkert M. (2017) Conceptualizing the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 114 Definitions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 127: 221–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krämer L. (2000) Thirty Years of EC Environmental Law: Perspectives and Prospectives. In: Somsen H (ed) Yearbook of European Environmental Law: Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 155–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JJ. (2018) How Did Sea Turtle Get a Straw Up Its Nose? National Geographic: 2.6.2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieder M and Rashid A. (2016) Towards Circular Economy Implementation: a Comprehensive Review in Context of Manufacturing Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 115: 36–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long T and Lörinczi L. (2009) Business Lobbying in the European Union. In: Coen D and Richardson J (eds) Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 169–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marine Litter Solutions. (2001) Delcaration of the Global Plastics Associations for Solutions on Marine Litter. Marine Litter Solutions. Available at: https://www.marinelittersolutions.com/about-us/joint-declaration (accessed 22.3.2019).

  • Marine Litter Solutions. (2018) The Delcaration of the Global Plastics Associations for Solutions on Marine Litter. 4th Progress Report. March 2018. Marine Litter Solutions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus B, Hansen T and Klitkou A. (2016) What Is the Bioeconomy? A Review of the Literature. Sustainability 8(7): 691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maroulis N, Kettenis Pd, Bougas K, et al. (2016) Cumulative Cost Assessment for the EU Chemical Industry. Final Report. Brussels: Technopolis group, European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews D. (2016) Sustainability Challenges in the Paper Industry. ChEnected—Where Chemical Engineers Mix Up—Online Community: 12.10.2016. Available at: https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2016/10/sustainability-challenges-paper-industry (accessed 22.3.2019).

  • McCormick K and Kautto N. (2013) The Bioeconomy in Europe: An Overview. Sustainability 5(6): 2589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCubbins MD and Schwartz T. (1984) Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols and Fire Alarm. American Journal of Political Science 28(1): 165–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath M. (2016) EU Approves Use of Recycled Plastics Containing DEHP. Reuters: 21.4.2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray A, Skene K and Haynes K. (2017) The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context. Journal of Business Ethics 140(3): 369–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2004) Biotechnology for Sustainable Growth and Development. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (accessed 6.3.2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oziel C. (2017) PlasticsEurope Files Second Case Against Echa Over BPA. Latest Action Focuses on Substance’s Candidate List Entry as EDC. ChemicalWatch: 16.11.2017. Available at: https://chemicalwatch.com/61101/plasticseurope-files-second-case-against-echa-over-bpa (accessed 23.6.2018).

  • Patermann C and Aguilar A. (2018) The Origins of the Bioeconomy in the European Union. New Biotechnology 40: 20–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PE Europe, IKP Universität Stuttgart, IPU, et al. (2004) Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of Principal Competing Materials. Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson T. (2007) Democratizing European Chemicals Policy: Do Consultations Favour Civil Society Participation? Journal of Civil Society 3(3): 223–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pesendorfer D. (2006) EU Environmental Policy Under Pressure: Chemicals Policy Change Between Antagonistic Goals? Environmental Politics 15(1): 95–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer J. (1981) Power in Organizations. Marshfield, MA: Pitman Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • PlasticsEurope. (2017) Plastics: The Facts 2016. An Analysis of European Plastics Production, Demand and Waste Data. Brussels, Wemmel: Association for Plastics Manufacturers, European Association of Plastics Recycling.

    Google Scholar 

  • PlasticsEurope. (2018a) Annual Review 2017–2018. Brussels: PlasticsEurope.

    Google Scholar 

  • PlasticsEurope. (2018b) Industry Urges Commission to Avoid Shortcuts and to Focus on Improving Waste Management. PlasticsEurope Reacts on Directive on Single Use Plastics. Brussels: PlasticsEurope, 29.5.2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • PlasticsEurope. (2018c) Membership. Available at: https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/about-us/membership (accessed 4.08.2018).

  • PlasticsEurope. (2018d) Plastics 2030. PlasticsEurope’s Voluntary Committment to Increasing Circularity and Resource Efficiency. Brussels: PlasticsEurope. Available at: https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/newsroom/press-releases/archive-press-releases-2018/plastics-2030-voluntary-commitment (accessed 22.3.2019).

  • PlasticsEurope. (2018e) Plastics: The Facts 2017. An Analysis of European Plastics Production, Demand and Waste Data. Brussels, Wemmel: Association for Plastics Manufacturers, European Association of Plastics Recycling.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preuss O. (1997) PVC: Die Recycling-Lüge. Greenpeace Magazin: 1997(2). Hamburg: Greenpeace Deutschland.

    Google Scholar 

  • PROGNOS. (2000) Mechanical Recycling of PVC Wastes. Brussels: European Commission DG XI.

    Google Scholar 

  • PVC. (2018) The PVC Industry. Available at: http://www.pvc.org/en/p/pvc-industry (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • Rethink Plastic. (2018) Rethink Plastic Alliance of Leading European NGOs. Available at: http://www.rethinkplasticalliance.eu/ (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • RISI. (2015) Global Paper and Board Production Hit Record Levels in 2014. Boston: RISI, 17.12.2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera León L, Bougas K, Zoboli E, et al. (2016) An Assessment of the Cumulative Cost Impact of Specified EU Legislation and Policies on the EU Forest-Based Industries. Final Report. Brussels: Technopolis Group, European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sands P. (1990) European Community Environmental Law: Legislation, the European Court of Justice and Common-Interest Groups. The Modern Law Review 53(3): 685–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon F. (2016) PVC Boss: We Will Not Change Our Reputation in One Day. Euractiv: 16.9.2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamma P. (2018) China’s Trash Ban Forces Europe to Confront Its Waste Problem. Politico: 21.8.2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teffer P. (2018a) How France Escaped EU Legal Action Over Chemical Ban. EU Observer: 18.5.2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teffer P. (2018b) Plastics Lobby in Court to Keep Toxic Item Off EU List. EU Observer: 12.3.2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • TNO Nutrition and Food Research. (2001) Migration of Phthalate Plasticisers from Soft PVC Toys and Childcare Articles. Final Report. Brussels: DG Enterprise, European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Two Sides. (2017) Print and Paper Myths and Facts. Daventry, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Two Sides. (2018) Two Sides Forum from the Graphic Communications Supply Chain. Available at: https://www.twosides.info/about/ (accessed 4.8.2018).

  • Vinyl 2010. (2001) The Voluntary Commitment of the European PVC Industry. Brussels: Vinyl 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinyl 2010. (2007) Vinyl 2010. Progress Report 2007. Report on the Activities of the Previous Year. Brussels: Vinyl 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinyl 2010. (2008) Vinyl 2010. Progress Report 2008. Report on the Activities of the Year 2007. Brussels: Vinyl 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • VinylPlus. (2011) The Voluntary Commitment of the European PVC Industry. Brussels: VinylPlus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel D. (2012) The Politics of Precaution: Regulating Health, Safety and Environmental Risks in Europe and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel D, Toffel M and Post D. (2012) Environmental Federalism in the European Union and the United States In: Wijen F, Zoeteman K and Pieters J (eds) A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy, Second Edition: National Government Interventions in a Global Arena. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar, 321–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weale A, Pridham G, Cini M, et al. (2000) Environmental Governance in Europe: An Ever Closer Ecological Union? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • WWF. (2007) DETOX. Campaigning for Safer Chemicals. Brussels: World Wildlife Fund for Nature.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sandra Eckert .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Eckert, S. (2019). The Expert: Striving for a Circular Economy. In: Corporate Power and Regulation. International Series on Public Policy . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05463-2_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics