Abstract
The ecosystem of the space sector has shifted drastically over the past decades with new technical concepts and business endeavours building on a changing institutional and economic environment. Now a pillar of the modern economy and society, the global space infrastructure enables key services across vital sectors and directly supports public actions to address economic, societal, environmental and security issues at a national and global level. This ever-growing use of space-based data and services by a variety of public and private actors/users has created a virtually invisible dependence on space technologies, which closely relates to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). As the use of space applications becomes more pervasive, brings more benefits and becomes part of the business-as-usual routine, dependence on space infrastructure intensifies, which creates new vulnerabilities for the economy and society at large.
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Notes
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
- 23.
Ibid.
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
Note: Representatives of China, France, Russia, the UK and the USA as permanent members of the UN Security Council and representatives of Brazil, Chile, Italy, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Ukraine.
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- 40.
Note: at the time of this report publication, the draft regulation is still under negotiation with member states.
- 41.
As a way to foster increased international cooperation, establishing standards of responsible behaviour across the full range of space activity, strengthening commitments to non-interference in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, facilitating equitable access to outer space and increasing transparency of outer space activities.
- 42.
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Burger, E., Bordacchini, G. (2019). Security in Outer Space: Rising Stakes for Europe. In: Yearbook on Space Policy 2017. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05417-5_5
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