Abstract
This paper scopes out a response to the new populism based on anger and a sense of exclusion by those left behind by a neo-liberal economy resulting in high levels of unemployment or underemployment. Unemployment has been represented as a problem associated with policy representations ranging from the most conservative to more progressive approaches, for example, lack of appropriate skills, lack of motivation, over mechanisation, lack of resources, lack of will from government, lack of capability as a result of lack of vision and imagination, inability to include diverse representations of the so-called problem and the need for transformational systemic thinking and practice to ensure integrated blue economy approaches within a cascade economy. The issue has been problematised by the left as too little too late for specific interest groups by critical spectators who no longer demonstrate alternatives, according to Rorty (Achieving our country: The William E. Massey Sr. Lectures in the History of American Civilization. Harvard University Press, 1999) in Achieving Our Country. The right has characterised unemployment as a lack of appropriate education or associated with poor management of resources by families, communities, schools or tertiary educators.
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Notes
- 1.
A human development approach is needed to enhance capability. The approach extends the work of Bacchi (2009) by enabling user-centric policy design based on the perceptions of what works, why and how. In this sense the mixed methods approach is non-linear and participatory. It also honours the policy environment that stresses the need for a sense of ownership of a problem and the way in which it is framed.
- 2.
Keane, B 2017. ‘Australians love of car manufacturing, Holden is misplaced’. https://www.crikey.com.au. 20 Oct 2017.
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It extends the potential of Max-Neef’s Being, Having, Doing and Interacting Index (Max-Neef 1991: 33) by adapting it to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals (2014) and to thereby develop and test as a means to balance individual and collective needs (McIntyre-Mills 2014, 2016, 2017).
As such the approach extends the ‘frontiers of justice’ (Nussbaum 2006) to address the ten capabilities of a life worth living for human and sentient beings (Nussbaum 2006). Nussbaum’s ten central human functional capabilities (Nussbaum 2011: 33–34) cover wide aspects of life that are essential for all human and sentient beings and are supported by the Human Development Index and the UN MDG which support human rights and an appreciation of sentient beings. The creation of employment opportunities needs to be designed to protect sentient beings, regenerate the environment and social fabric and prevent the waste of people and resources.
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46th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the System Sciences at Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, August 2–6, 2002.
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Chakraboritty, A. ‘Hidden money corrupts’, The Guardian Weekly, 15.04.16.
- 7.
In this sense the approach extends the work of Bacchi (2009) by enabling user-centric policy design based on the perceptions of what works, why and how. In this sense the mixed methods approach is non-linear and participatory. It also honours the policy environment that stresses the need for a sense of ownership of a problem and the way in which it is framed. Thus the Paris Agenda, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Change Agenda are taken into account in this approach to governance. Developing the cascade economy requires addressing policy to enhance representation, accountability and regeneration through reframing governance. Instead of valuing profit we need to think quite differently in terms of so-called wellbeing stocks (Stiglitz et al. 2010). Gunter Pauli (2010: 230–235) explains that natural systems do not work in linear ways. They are cyclical and abhor any forms of waste.
- 8.
It is based on a program of research that has tested the following hypotheses to date:
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The greater the level of participation the better the match between service users and providers.
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The greater the level of local participation across diverse stakeholders the more likely representation and accountability can be achieved in increasingly diverse nation states.
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The greater the level of public engagement in considering ‘if-then scenarios’, the greater the level of understanding of the short, medium and long term consequences of policy decisions.
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The scaling up of local engagement could provide the basis for better generation, regeneration and redistribution, of basic needs for a life worth living. The assumption on which my research rests is that human beings and other sentient beings deserve a life that is worth living and thus human beings need to become non-anthropocentric stewards of living systems.
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- 9.
To sum up, the challenge is to move beyond the rhetoric of cosmopolitan citizenship and to address both justice and sovereignty. The nation state needs to be held to account by an Earth Charter that is supported by overlapping regional institutions (supported by inclusive regional research institutions, policies, the rule of law including parliaments and courts).
- 10.
The question needs to be asked whether increased levels of multiculturalismand diversity cannot be only tolerated but appreciated when jobs are considered to be scarce. The case is made that levels of tolerance to others tend to decline when people compete for scarce resources. So the answer is to strive for the appreciation of why, in a more equal society, people experience higher levels of wellbeing and lower levels of risk (Wilkinson and Pickett 2009). The case is made for transformational systemic thinking and practice that supports both people and the environment through job creation. According to Pauli (2010), an integrated blue economy approach supports a so-called cascade economy, because of more jobs that will support, sustain and regenerate the environment on which we are mutually dependent. Unemployment has been represented as a problem associated with policy representations ranging from the most conservative to more progressive approaches, for example, lack of appropriate skills, lack of motivation, over mechanisation, lack of resources, lack of will from government and lack of capability as a result of lack of vision and imagination, inability to include diverse representations of the so-called problem.
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The argument is that just as in the Weimar Republic, people were prompted to elect a strong leader, namely, Hitler, and people look to strong leaders when they face what seem to be overwhelming challenges. Paradoxically the election of Trump who is held up as a strong leader in the mould of Vladimir Putin who it has been suggested had an interest in seeing Trump elected to office. The election which brought Trump to office was at the time of writing under scrutiny resulting in the departure of Michael Flynn from government as a result of having conversations with the Russian ambassador and failing to disclose these. See also https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/04/donald-trump-wiretap-barack-obama-coup.
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No community can be expected to transform from a high carbon lifestyle (or aspiring to this lifestyle) without feeling part of the design process and owning the decisions as to how resources should be used. Young people (Osler and Starkey 2005), the disabled, asylum seekers and sentient beings (Nussbaum 2006) along with future generations, live ‘precarious lives’ (Butler 2005). Those perceived as different are not protected (Young 2011). The ability to show compassion underpins cosmopolitanism (Butler 2011). Butler’s work stresses ‘the need to rethink the human as a site of interdependency’. She emphasises that humanity needs to be able to ask for assistance and we need to be able to anticipate that we will be heard and that people will respond with compassion. Do we wish to live in a world where we do not want to help one another and in which we deny the pain of sentient beings (Butler 2011)? If we are prepared to recognise not our resilience, but our mutual vulnerability, it provides a basis for stewardship. Held et al. (2005) proposed that the core challenges of the day are to address the vast differences in the standard of living between the rich and the poor. The problem is not only one of externalities that are not factored into calculations of the degradation to the environment; it is a way of thinking and ‘being in the world’ that shifts the extraction of profit to where labour is cheaper and where governments and citizens are less likely to complain about degradation of environment. Short-term profits are made at the expense of future generations.
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Florini (2003) suggests the potential of the Aarhus convention. I have combined this with the policy potential of the UN Local Agenda 21 and other policies detailed below, such as Paris Development Agenda and the UN Development Goals. Thus the participatory action research aims to:
“[A]ddress the challenge posed by the Earth Charter: “Everyone shares responsibility for the present and future wellbeing of the human family and the larger living world” (cited by Hayden in Wallace Brown and Held 2010: 368). The challenge is to move beyond the rhetoric of cosmopolitan citizenship and to address both justice and sovereignty. The nation state needs to be held to account by an Earth Charter that is supported by overlapping regional institutions (supported by inclusive regional research institutions, policies, the rule of law including parliaments and courts).Co-determination in regions needs to be based on a new architecture for governance, democracy and ethics.
Planetary Passport (2017) discusses research aimed at piloting and testing out new architectures for democracy and better governance through:
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Addressing the issue of a priori norms and a posteriori measures for transformation towards re-generative living.
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Finding ways to match social, cultural, economic and environmental decisions to perceived needs with a focus on food, energy and water security.
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Narrowing the gap between perceived needs and the way resources are distributed and the way it impacts on service outcomes.
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Previously oral histories connected people to their place and the wisdom of the elders was handed down to the next generation through remembering the vital social, economic and environmental information needed to survive. Cultural memory was aided by association with myths and landmarks. Ritual, song and artefacts reminded people of knowledge they needed to survive (Kelly 2016).
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Addiction to coffee can be linked with using coffee grinds to grow mushrooms, the plastic containers could be replaced with biodegradable options derived from local plants, and tin cans can be used as the insulation for building walls and for creating decorative artefacts in creative co-operative hubs for artists.
- 19.
Anthropocentrism and humanism need to move towards respect for Biodiversity (Nagoya Summit in Japan in 2010). The purpose of this chapter is not to rehearse the same arguments about rights and responsibilities—these are taken as a given. This paper is also not about ‘what is the case’ or ‘what ought to be the case’. Instead it takes it as given that social injustice and inequality exist and that the disappearance of biodiversity will make a difference to the eco-systemic web of life and to human wellbeing. The loss of insects, such as bees along with greed and hubris, will impact on food security—just as it will jeopardise seed security. Instead this research is located in the domain of how to develop a new architecture in response to Dahl’s (1967) pessimism about extending the scale of democracy and governance.
- 20.
But we also need to realise that democracy needs to ensure that structures are in place to hold the powerful to account and to ensure that constitutions provide the structures that support respectful dialogue that makes the best use of different kinds of knowledge and that human knowing needs to be considered as a double-edged sword. We have shaped the planet in ways that are no longer sustainable and it is time to appreciate that we are merely a strand within a web of living systems.
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Ulrich’s 12 questions to enable policy design based on Churchman’s Design of Inquiring Systems Boundary Table 2.1: The boundary critique and questions. Source: Ulrich and Reynolds 2010: 244.
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Dualism is based on thinking in terms of body and mind, us and them. It results in dividing self from other (including sentient beings) and from the environment. It also results in dividing thinking from practice.
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Emergence is the ability to escape the trap of our own thinking, to cite Vickers in Beer (1994: 252): ‘the trap is a function of the nature of the trapped.’ According to his theory of ‘recursive consciousness’, we are able to emerge from our entrapment through making connections and realising that we have the capability to achieve transcendence as we become more conscious. One way out of the trap is to become more creative in our thinking and more open to learning from the environment, even if we do not mimic it!
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Vogel, E, Meyer, C. and Eckard, R. 2017. http://theconversation.com/severe-heatwaves-show-the-need-to-adapt-livestock-management-for-climate.
- 27.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Krune_Mqhayi author of Inkosi Sele I Afrika.
Tiyo Soga—Presbyterian missionary who married a scots women and worked as a missionary in Eastern Cape. Soga was the first black South African to be ordained and worked to translate the Bible and John Bunyan’s classic work Pilgrim’s Progress into his native Xhosa language.
- 28.
The design is sketched in ‘Wall Street to Wellbeing’ and ‘Systemic Ethics’. West Churchman’s critical and systemic Meta approach to working with, rather than within the boundaries of a single paradigm, inspires my work. I draw on several approaches that locate Nussbaum’s ten central capabilities—relevant to all sentient beings (Nussbaum 2011: 33–34). Nussbaum includes the rights of the most powerless and voiceless. They are young people, children, asylum seekers, the disabled and sentient beings who are commodified and traded. The need to address capabilities to protect the planet is extended in this approach by addressing planetary rights and the inadequacies in current architectures of governance and democracy. A case is made for the social contract to be extended beyond the nation state to represent social, economic and environmental justice concerns.
- 29.
As such it goes well beyond the previous notions of knowledge management as conceptualised by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) centred on solving problems within the workplace and translating the tacit learnings into experiential knowledge that could give businesses a competitive edge. The quality learning circle approach in Japan enabled workers within the white goods industry of photocopy industry to rethink ways to extend their market share and thus preserve jobs. It is informed by Etienne Wenger (1998), Etienne Wenger et al. (2009) who conceptualised communities of practice as a way to enable people within and beyond organisations to form communities based on sharing ways to address an area of concern based on reciprocity. As a social anthropologist, he was aware of the anthropological research on giving and receiving. The idea that a ‘gift’ requires a return is widespread (see Marcel Mauss (1990/1922, ‘The Gift’). Those who do not return information or assistance soon become more peripheral members of a situated community of practice. Also Peter Senge (2006) develops a more systems-oriented approach to learning and learning communities beyond the organisational context. He stresses the need for team learning based on specific skills that enable working across disciplines and pooling different skills.
- 30.
Another central concern that urban governance schemes need to consider is the balancing of resources to meet both state and individual needs and goals. Land usage, either for agricultural production or for urban development, strategies and policies need to be well informed to ensure not only optimal production is achieved but also elements of justice and equity prevail for a balanced development. Thus the critical systemic approach addresses production, consumption, evaluation and policy based on participatory democracy and governance that are user-centric. Modern society becomes increasingly divorced from the environment in modern cities where people become ‘lost’ within the concrete and tarmac spaces separated from other living systems and without a daily ritual of spiritual connection to people and place. The question needs to be asked whether the resurgence of fundamentalist religion is a response to fundamentalist economics. Is this a response to the lack of connectivity?
- 31.
The bombing of Syria by France and now the UK in response to the atrocities in Paris in 2016 provide low points in the past year. The impact of drought has been cited by some as one of the reasons for the war in Syria which had experienced one of the worst droughts in a decade which resulted in migrations to the cities; others disagree (Pearce 2015: 26). But it is undeniable that as resources decrease, conflict in congested ghettoes and camps will result in conflict and that the conflict in Syria and the Sudan was also linked with the political issues and a government system that lacked transparency and fairness.
- 32.
The prospect of 65% of South African’s living in cities has implications for food, energy and water security. UN estimates that 71% will be in cities by 2030 and 80% in urban areas by 2050 if current rates maintained—Rand Daily Mail, 26 May 2015.This will impact food security in cities but also place a strain on in infrastructure–Oxford Research Group on Sustainability, 2014. This requires addressing sustainability at the local level in municipalities. For this to occur, people need to have a voice and feel that they have a right to voice their ideas openly and need to address food security through regeneration and support of a closed loop of production consumption and evaluation that reframes socio-economics as environmental economics.
- 33.
We are human and animals, who have rights and responsibilities to care for humanity and other species as we are one strand of a living system. ‘Social contract’ refers to protection of citizens within the boundaries of a nation state. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Guterres (UNHCR 2014; Rusbridger 2015), for the first time since the Second World War, the global figure for displaced persons has now passed 50 million, and, by 2050, this figure could be as high as 150 million (Rusbridger 2015: 13). And yet the needs of the displaced are not addressed through the current architectures of democracy, governance and education. Surely it is time to reframe the social contract and to support public education to enable people to join up the dots.
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The emotions are expressed in new forms of identity politics that expresses the polarising of the politics into interest groups, such as being unemployed, women’s rights, rights of minorities and in some contexts use the rhetoric of culture and demographic profiling.
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‘Zero-sum approach’ is expressed as competition across species, classes or sovereign states that needs to be set aside in recognition that we are part of one web of life—that we are interdependent and that all sentient beings have rights. As stewards, human beings have the additional responsibility to care for the land on which we all depend. Exclusive politics will prevail for as long as people think in terms of zero-sum paradigms, rather than comprehending that they stand or fall together and that we are co-determined by the environment of which we are a part.
- 36.
To cite Constitutional Recognise: ‘Since 2010 there has been two expert committees, The Expert Panel and the Referendum Council which have consulted and reported on constitutional recognition, and the process to the Parliament. The Expert Panel—which included Indigenous and community leaders, constitutional experts and parliamentarians—consulted extensively across the nation and reported to the Prime Minister in January 2012.The Panel recommended that Australians should vote in a referendum to:
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Remove Section 25—which says the States can ban people from voting based on their race;
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Remove section 51(xxvi)—which can be used to pass laws that discriminate against people based on their race;
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Insert a new section 51A—to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and to preserve the Australian Government’s ability to pass laws for the benefit of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;
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Insert a new section 116A, banning racial discrimination by government; and
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Insert a new section 127A, recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages were this country’s first tongues, while confirming that English is Australia’s national language’.
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http://www.htxt.co.za/2014/09/03/a-third-of-south-african-households-still-have-no-electricity/ Shezi, L 2014 cites Stats SA. http://www.statssa.gov.za/: ‘The number of households with access to electricity grew over the course of 2013, according to the latest figures published in the Non-financial census of municipalities by Stats SA. http://www.statssa.gov.za/. According to the report, which looked at 278 South African municipalities, the number of homes with power increased by 2.3% from 9.7 million households in 2012 to ten million in 2013.In total, there are around 15 m households in the country. Which means almost a third are still without a regular power source from the grid’.
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As the child of holocaust survivors, she understands that culture and race matter, whether we like it or not. Zilla (past leader of the Democratic) is married to a sociologist Johan Maree who has stressed the importance of class in labour force studies and in his support for unionists during apartheid. He suffered exclusion from his Afrikaner community when he supported an anti-apartheid campaign against SA Rugby team. So he emphasised class analysis whilst being aware that culture plays a pivotal role in everyday life in South Africa.
- 45.
Urbanisation poses a systemic threat to quality of life and has implications for policy. Food deserts are the likely scenario if more emphasis is not placed on balance, greening cities and supporting small farmers. It has been wrongly assumed that growth in the economy will sustain a growing population. During my sabbatical I attended workshops or held conversations with colleagues at Living Hope, Embrace Dignity and Africa Tikkun in Cape Town. The concerns they raised were for food security and how it relates to educational and employment opportunities for all especially young people.
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The first-time regeneration that has been used in the SA context is perhaps by Pixley Ka Seme who provided some of the founding ideas for the organisation that was the precursor to the ANC, namely, the South African National Congress http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/pixley-ka-isaka-seme.
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“UNICEF’s Generation 2030 Africa” reports that next year, out of South Africa’s projected population of 53 million people, 18 million of those would be under the age of 18.
This is reported in the following article on 24.com/Web/News24/: ‘Over one third of South Africa’s population is expected to be under the age of 18’ in 2015, according to a United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) report released on Tuesday. ‘South Africa was also expected to have 65% of its population living in urban areas next year, the ninth highest level in Africa’. According to the report, in 2050 around 41% of all births world-wide would take place in Africa, whilst in the same year 25 people out of every 100 would be African. This was against the expected figures in 2015, where Africans would make up 16 people out of every 100 around the world. In 2015, 40% of Africa’s population was expected to be living in cities, versus over 50% in 2050 href=’http://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump.
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Chakraboritty, A. ‘Hidden money corrupts’, The Guardian Weekly, 15.04.16.
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Cape Town’s water usage up, despite calls to cut down http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-towns-water-usage-up-despite-calls-to-cut-down-2017011,2017-01-10 20: 18.James de Villiers, News24: “Dam levels are currently at 44.3%, having decreased by 5% since December 21.City of Cape Town spokesperson Priya Reddy told News24 in December that dam levels may become dangerously low. According to our projections, dam levels may ‘bottom out’ at a very low 20%. This leaves a very low margin of safety, as it is difficult to abstract the last 10% of a dam’s volume”.
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http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/99-cape-fires-a-day-1970179: ‘Cape Town - The City of Cape Town’s Fire and Rescue Service has responded to 495 fire calls since Thursday …’.
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http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/school-shortage-is-departments-fault-report-20170114. In the Tshwane region alone, more than 35,000 students still needed to find placements.
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See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qp3Ktlfy0Hw&app=desktop; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suSbvoAw0g4.
What does Deborah Bird Rose mean by the colonisation of the land and the mind?
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Caring for country? Gift of country?
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What does she mean by multispecies ethnography?
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What does she mean by the human/nature divide?
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What is the implication for ethics and public administration?
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What does she mean by species extinction?
Please watch and then think about responses to the questions
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What are the implications for Human/animal habitat in South Africa?
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https://www.speakersassociates.com/speaker/gunter-pauli Accessed 20/12/2016. He stresses the need to provide integrated opportunities through design that taps into the abundant talent and environmental opportunities that can be found and to ensure that the designs protect both people and habitat. This is a systemic approach that could ensure that people come up with solutions that do not create binary oppositions between peopleand the environment. It is unnecessary to argue that for people to flourish the environment must suffer.
The policy proposal is to develop more educational institutions that focus on teaching design skills from primary to secondary and tertiary level based on the blue economy and biomimicry in ways that draw on the lived experience of the learners.
- 57.
Jong, H. N. (2016). UN to grill RI on rising rights abuses Jakarta PostThursday 29 September
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Some said they would challenge the evictions in the courts. Most have found alternative accommodation and will strive to maintain the bonds they developed in the urban villages in Jakarta.
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The reason for the rioting was cited as being a comment made by the mayor who is a Chinese Christian: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/11/05/asia-pacific/political-meddling-instigated-deadly-jakarta-riots-indonesian-president-says/#article_history … President Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo said the riot showed ‘political actors have taken advantage of the situation.’ He did not identify any individual as responsible, but earlier in the week former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono went on national television to say he supported plans for the massive protest. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/11/03/more-muslim-groups-to-join-anti-ahok-rally.html.
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McIntyre-Mills, J. (2019). Designing a Policy Response to Populism and the ‘Wicked’ Issues of Exclusion, Unemployment, Poverty and Climate Change. In: McIntyre-Mills, J., Romm, N.R.A. (eds) Mixed Methods and Cross Disciplinary Research. Contemporary Systems Thinking. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04993-5_12
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