Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to evaluate the usability of photo-elicitation interviewing (PEI) to collect personal stories from adolescents about their experience of negative online peer interactions, such as cyberbullying. Within this field of research, most studies rely on quantitative data or qualitative data based on interviews and focus group discussions. In exploring the value of this alternative methodology, we first describe, based on previous research, the characteristics and use of PEI. In the second part, PEI’s usefulness is explored in terms of a study with 34 participants aged between 13 and 14 years old. The advantages and disadvantages of using this method are highlighted. The chapter concludes with concrete advice for future researchers wishing to use PEI within the field of negative online peer interactions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allmark, P., Stevenson, K., & Stotzer, T. (2017, July 4–7). Having a voice and being heard: Photography and children’s communication through photovoice. In F. Martin & S. Jarvis (Eds.), Refereed proceedings of ANZCA2017 (Australian and New Zealand Communications Association Conference). Sydney: University of Sydney.
Bannink, F. (2006). Oplossingsgerichte vragen. Handboek oplossingsgerichte gespreksvoering [Handbook of solution-oriented coversations]. Amsterdam: Harcourt Assessment BV.
Bignante, E. (2010). The use of photo-elicitation in field research. EchoGéo, 11. https://doi.org/10.4000/echogeo.11622.
Bridge, L. (2013). Seeing and telling households: A case for photo elicitation and graphic elicitation in qualitative research. Graduate Journal of Social Science, 10(2), 106–131.
Cederholm, E. A. (2004). The use of photo-elicitation in tourism research—Framing the backpacker experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(3), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250410003870.
Clark-Ibáñez, M. (2004). Framing the social world with photo-elicitation interviews. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(12), 1507–1527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764204266236.
Cook, T., & Hess, E. (2007). What the camera sees and from whose perspective. Fun methodologies for engaging children in enlightening adults. Childhood, 14(1), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207068562
Curry, T. J. (1986). A visual method of studying sports: The photo-elicitation interview. Sociology of Sport Journal, 3(3), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.3.3.204.
Epstein, I., Stevens, B., McKeever, P., & Baruchel, S. (2006). Photo elicitation interview (PEI): Using photos to elicit children’s perspectives. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500301.
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341260.
Fang, W. L., & Ellwein, M. C. (1990). Photography and ethics in evaluation. Evaluation Review, 14(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9001400107.
Harper, D. (2002). Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies, 17(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860220137345.
Holliday, R. (2000). We’ve been framed: Visualising methodology. The Sociological Review, 48(4), 503–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00230.
Hurworth, R. (2003). Photo-interviewing for research. Social Research Update, 40, 1–4.
Hurworth, R., Clark, E., Martin, J., & Thomsen, S. (2005). The use of photo-interviewing: Three examples from health evaluation and research. Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 4(1/2), 52.
Kantrowitz-Gordon, I., & Vandermause, R. (2016). Metaphors of distress: Photo-elicitation enhances a discourse analysis of parents’ accounts. Qualitative Health Research, 26(8), 1031–1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315575729.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618.
Landis, J., & Koch, G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310.
Loeffler, T. A. (2005). Looking deeply in: Using photo-elicitation to explore the meanings of outdoor education experiences. The Journal of Experiental Education, 27(3), 343–346.
Maher, D. (2008). Cyberbullying: An ethnographic case study of one Australian upper primary school class. Youth Studies Australia, 27(4), 50–57.
Marwick, A., & boyd, d. (2011). The drama! Teen conflict, gossip, and bullying in networked publics. Paper presented at Oxford Internet Institute’s “A Decade in Internet Time: Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society” (pp. 1–25), Oxford, UK.
Meo, A. I. (2010). Picturing students’ habitus: The advantages and limitations of photo-elicitation interviewing in a qualitative study in the city of Buenos Aires. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 9(2), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691000900203.
Miles, B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ortega-Alcázar, I., & Dyck, I. (2012). Migrant narratives of health and well-being: Challenging “othering” processes through photo-elicitation interviews. Critical Social Policy, 32(1), 106–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018311425981.
Pabian, S., Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Van Royen, K., Dare, J., Costello, L., … & Cross, D. (2018). “Arguments online, but in school we always act normal”: The embeddedness of early adolescent negative peer interactions within the whole of their offline and online peer interactions. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.007.
Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2016). Developmental trajectories of (cyber)bullying perpetration and social intelligence during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(2), 145–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431614556891.
Radley, A., & Taylor, D. (2003). Images of recovery: A photo-elicitation study on the hospital ward. Qualitative Health Research, 13(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732302239412.
Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024.
Smith, E. F., Gidlow, B., & Steel, G. (2012). Engaging adolescent participants in academic research: The use of photo-elicitation interviews to evaluate school-based outdoor education programmes. Qualitative Research, 12(4), 367–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112443473.
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippet, N. (2008). Cyberbullying. Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
Subrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. (2008). Online communication and adolescent relationships. The Future of Children, 18(1), 119–146.
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042.
Walton, G., & Niblett, B. (2013). Investigating the problem of bullying through photo elicitation. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(5), 646–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.733810.
Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368–375.
Wang, C. C., & Redwood-Jones, Y. A. (2001). Photovoice ethics: Perspectives from Flint Photovoice. Health Education & Behavior, 28(5), 560–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810102800504.
Wegge, D., Vandebosch, H., Eggermont, S., Rossem, R. Van, & Walrave, M. (2016). Divergent perspectives: Exploring a multiple informant approach to cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, 22(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-015-9287-5.
Wiles, R., Prosser, J., Bagnoli, A, Clark, A., Davies, K., Holland, S., & Renold, E. (2008). Visual ethics: Ethical issues in visual research (NCRM Working Paper). n/a. (Unpublished).
Willis, P. (1980). Notes on method. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies 1972–79 (pp. 88–95). London (United Kingdom): University of Birmingham.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendices
Appendix 1 Interview Guide
1. Introduction |
• Q1: What are your thoughts about the assignment? • Q2: Was it a fun activity? • Q3: Was it hard? |
2. Discussing the first image1 |
• Interviewer: “Please select the first image you would like to discuss” • Q4: What is displayed on the image? • Q5: What happened? • Q6: How did you feel? • Q7: How did you react? How was the interaction managed? • Q7: What were the reactions of others? • Q8: Are there other interactions (offline and/or online) that are related to this one that happened? |
1If the participant did not provide any images, the interviewer moved directly on to the fourth part of the interview guide. |
3. Discussing the rest of the images2 |
• Interviewer: “Please select the next image you would like to discuss now” • Q4–Q8 |
2This part was repeated until all the images of the participant were discussed. |
4. Discussing other specific interactions |
• Q9: Did you have peer interactions this week that were important for you and that were not displayed by an image? • Q5–Q8 • Q10: Why did you chose not to take an image of this interaction? |
5. Communication styles offline and online |
• Q11: Do you interact differently with peers offline compared to online? • Q12: What do you prefer, offline communication or online communication? |
6. Closing of the interview |
Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
|---|---|---|
Offline negative interactions | Types of interactions | Physical aggression Calling each other names Conflict Irritating each other Uncooperative behaviour Exclusion Gossiping Tattling Taking advantage of someone Telling lies or spreading rumors |
Involvement in bullying | ||
Managing offline conflicts | Ignoring the persons involved in the conflict Pretend nothing happened Physical Swearing Calling each other names Involve others Tell an adult Make amends Trying to find a solution together Payback (by performing the same behaviour) Walk away Standing up for someone Asking to stop Seeking support from friends or family Laugh about it | |
Downplaying | ||
Online negative interactions | Different types | Conflicts Exclusion Celebrity bashing Calling each other names Negative comments Posting or tagging unwanted pictures Hacking Irritating each other Stalking Threatening Telling lies or spreading rumors |
Involvement in cyberbullying | ||
Managing online conflicts | Ignoring the persons involved in the conflict Pretend nothing happened Calling each other names Involve others Make amends Leave the conversation Blocking Payback Standing up for someone Stop reacting Asking to stop React with humor Asking for an explanation | |
Downplaying | ||
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
Comparison and interconnectedness of offline and online aggression | Interaction styles online and offline | |
Preference for offline or online communication | Refraining from using digital tools | |
Duration | Online Offline | |
Transfer of conflicts from offline to online and vice versa |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pabian, S., Erreygers, S. (2019). Generating Personal Stories on Negative Online Peer Interactions Through a Photo-Elicitation Method. In: Vandebosch, H., Green, L. (eds) Narratives in Research and Interventions on Cyberbullying among Young People. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04960-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04960-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04959-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04960-7
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)