Abstract
This chapter suggests alternative approaches (alternative to ‘business as usual’) which build on the capabilities of young people at risk of leaving the land premised on a non-anthropocentric approach that fosters sustainable development through job creation. Non-anthropocentrism refers to the approach where human beings appreciate that they share one habitat with other living systems. Binary oppositional thinking results in anthropocentric policy and governance practices that do not protect the habitat of living systems and that frame development in terms of profit by the minority elites at the expense of the majority within this generation and the next. This transformational research is based on the assumptions of gender mainstreaming (Presidential Instruction No. 9/2000 on gender mainstreaming) and the capabilities approach (Nussbaum, Creating capabilities: The human development approach, Harvard University Press, London, 2011) that protects the right to a decent quality of life for all sentient beings. The paper develops non-anthropocentric options for socially and environmentally just development inspired by Gunter Pauli’s approach, but with greater emphasis on local participation, in line with the Paris Agenda on Development and Shiva (Making peace with the earth, Fernwood Publishing, Winipeg, 2012; Monocultures of the mind: Perspectives on biodiversity and biotechnology, Third World Network, Penang, 2012) which emphasizes the need for local people to participate in decision-making to support biodiversity and protect the Earth. The research is relevant and timely as it strives to not only merely address the UN Sustainable Development Goals but also to regenerate opportunities for women and the environment by providing them with a practical, life-enhancing opportunity that will reduce their vulnerability to poverty and prevent human trafficking and inhumane incarceration of civet cats. The case study using multiple mixed methods and a participatory design with the women provides a valuable means to assess their training needs.
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Notes
- 1.
Cook, S, 2006 ASEAN and trafficking in persons: using data as a tool to combat trafficking in persons. The document addresses the Declaration against trafficking in Women and Children and the ASEAN Declaration against Transnational Crime and the ASEAN 2020 Vision. It cites the UN Trafficking Protocol.
- 2.
Drawing on Hofstede et al. (2010), we need to consider the consequences of different cultural values for more non-anthropocentric approaches to social, economic and environmental governance. Current ideals of democracy and governance are in need of reform because we face convergent social, economic and environmental challenges such as poverty and climate change resulting in a growing gap between rich and poor and increased levels of unemployment. Droughts, floods, fires and natural disasters are now perennial which has exacerbated water and food insecurity. The project approach here is to work with diverse people in Indonesia to explore the way in which they think about what constitutes food, conditions of production, storage and consumption and the rights and responsibilities as stewards of living systems of which we are a strand.
- 3.
It may be true that the majority of the GDP is produced by a small section of society, but in fact if you look at Pareto’s work on the 20/80 principle, he found that the most productive 20% land produced 80 % of the food.
- 4.
The research, entitled ‘Living Virtuously and Well,’ has ethics approval from the Social and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee at Flinders University. Ethics approval number 7213.
- 5.
The data collection was held alongside some of the promotional activities by UnPad.
- 6.
- 7.
Interview carried out in 2016 by Janet McIntyre-Mills.
- 8.
The chapter is based on the findings of the Indonesian Research Consortium set up in December 2015 as a result of a symposium hosted by the Universitas Nasional. The research is on regional security associated with food, energy and water in increasingly urbanized West Java. It commenced on 20 September 2016 and a symposium and focus group discussion was held in December 2017. The aim of the research is to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals at the local government level and to explore the local knowledge and indigenous ways to live ‘virtuously and well’. Three universities are currently involved in the research, namely, Universitas Nasional, University of Indonesia and Universitas Padjadjaran. They helped with the case studies in urbanized Depok, suburban Jatinangor and rural Cianjur. The research has Australian Research Council Ethics Committee Approval (7213). Connected with this research, these universities will support me in setting up a regional conference (linked with Journal of Mixed Methods Research) which we aim to host in 2017. Connected with this research, we seek to set up Cotutelle arrangements so that our small pilot can be extended. We also invite others to join the network and to support the initiative.
- 9.
UNICEF Indonesia’s fact sheet Children in Indonesia: Sexual Exploitation (2010).
- 10.
See http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/11/05/leave-students-alone-activists.html.
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‘Students must not be the target of discriminatory policies set by the State University of Gorontalo (UNG) as they need to study in a safe and supporting environment regardless of their sexual orientation, activists say. A coalition of 16 NGOs have lambasted UNG rector Syamsu Qamar Badu for issuing a campus policy that monitors and forces lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) students back to “normalcy”. In an article entitled “Double standards: The defining of homosexuality as pornographic in Indonesia”, Hendri Yulius (Jakarta Post 2016) explains the extent of the hypocrisy that does not control heterosexual predators as well as homosexual predators’.
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- 11.
See Riswanda, Corcoran-Nantes & McIntyre-Mills ‘Re-framing prostitution in Indonesia: a critical systemic approach’. in Systemic Practice and Action Research, 29:3.
- 12.
Wednesday, 02 March 2016 | 09:56 WIB, West Java’s Rice Production Hampered by El Nino http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2016/03/02/055749814/West-Javas-Rice-Production-Hampered-by-El-NinoA Zoom Out Zoom In Normal Downloaded 26 April 2018.
- 13.
The systemic focus of the chapter builds on the body of work developed in the Contemporary Systems Series (McIntyre-Mills et al. 2017a, b; McIntyre-Mills 2017b). It is based is on ‘being mindful’ of the need to design policy that supports living systems (Wadsworth 2010). Ecological citizenship needs to ensure that the requisite variety (Ashby’s Rule 1956) is extended beyond consideration of anthropocentric systems to non-anthropocentric living systems, to ensure that stewards protect habitat. The research seeks a better balance across social, cultural, political, economic and environmental interspecies concerns to ensure a sustainable future for current and future generations. In line with the Paris Declaration (2005), public administration needs to be framed together with co-researchers with local lived experience.
- 14.
Wirawan, R. Alamendah - Submission of paper to Hanoi Sustainability Forum https://archive.org/details/HANOIFORUM2018TowardsSustainableDevelopment-ClimateChangeResponseForSustainabilityAndSecurity.V3.0.
- 15.
Submission on Climate Change Bill Food, energy and water security – mapping the production and consumption cycle – https://archive.org/details/WirasoftAndFlindersClimateChangeInSouthAfricaV4.0_201808.
- 16.
Climate Change Bill 2018 www.environment. ov.za see submission at: https://archive.org/details/WirasoftAndFlindersClimateChangeInSouthAfricaV4.0_201808.
- 17.
It tests the principal of subsidiarity and Ashby’s rule of Requisite Variety. The software is designed and extended by Denise de Vries and Natasun Binchai. Details can be found at https://wellbeing.csem.flinders.edu.au/657 and now http://wirasoft.com/pathways-to-wellbeing/. The log in is user name = test, code = test.
- 18.
- 19.
Sugianto Tandio, CEO PT. Tirta Marta—Social Entrepreneur dari World Economic Forum—From Zero to Hero—The journey towards biodegradable plastic (ecoplas), Bong Edison, Business and Operation Director, President Director PT. Graha Kerindo Utama (Tessa Tissue)—Market Trends for environmental products.
- 20.
‘In 2015 alone, the country produced 64 million tons of waste, with plastic shopping bags accounting for 14 % of the trash, according to data from the Environment and Forestry Ministry. The governments call to reduce waste was followed up by a ministry circular.’
- 21.
Sudarmo 2008. ‘Governance of solo street vendors: a critical analysis based on empirical research’. Principal Supervisor.
- 22.
Jong, H.N 2016. UN to grill RI on rising rights abuses Jakarta Post Thursday 29 September.
- 23.
Some said they would challenge the evictions in the courts. Most have found alternative accommodation and will strive to maintain the bonds they developed in the urban villages in Jakarta.
- 24.
- 25.
The reason for the rioting was cited as being a comment made by the mayor who is a Chinese Christian: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/11/05/asia-pacific/political-meddling-instigated-deadly-jakarta-riots-indonesian-president-says/#article_history … President Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo said the riot showed ‘political actors have taken advantage of the situation’. He did not identify any individual as responsible, but earlier in the week, former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono went on national television to say he supported plans for the massive protest (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/11/03/more-muslim-groups-to-join-anti-ahok-rally.html).
- 26.
- 27.
News Desk, The Jakarta Post, Evicted Bukit Duri residents to build temporary shelter, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/11/20/evicted-bukit-duri-residents-to-build-temporary-shelter.html.
Winda A. Charmila Forced evictions remain rampant in Jakarta: LBH Jakarta http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/04/13/forced-evictions-remain-rampant-in-jakarta-lbh-jakarta.html.
- 28.
Agnes Anyahttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/02/17/river-normalization-best-way-to-mitigate-floods-ahok.html River normalization best way to mitigate floods: Ahok reported by Jakarta|Fri, February 17, 2017|06:34 pm.
- 29.
- 30.
Jong, H.N.2016. UN to grill RI on rising rights abuses Jakarta Post Thursday 29 September.
- 31.
The removals of long-standing largely Muslim community from District 6 on the slopes of Table Mountain provide another example of an unsuccessful displacement of people. In this instance, it was also argued that the housing was unsafe and that the area needed to be ‘improved’.
- 32.
- 33.
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/03/that-sugar-film-how-60-days-eating-health-food-led-fatty-liver-disease. I mentioned the decline in food standards in remote parts of Australia.
- 34.
These field notes supported the research for a paper Inez Sapento submitted to the 1st International Conference on Civic Place 2010, a joint conference of the University of British Columbia and University of Indonesia. The title of my paper is Rural-Urban Migrants in the Politics of Odong-Odong: Connectionism and the (Re-)production of Locality. After my abstract was accepted with notes from two reviewers, I began collecting data and did a short fieldwork trip from March–July 2010 in South and Central Jakarta.
- 35.
Universitas Nasional.
- 36.
Haji: the title given to a Muslim who has been to Mecca as a pilgrim – someone who has undertaken the holy journey or ‘Hajj’.
- 37.
Indonesian Rupiah.
- 38.
- 39.
- 40.
Previously the water gardens were used by the sultan and his concubines. Today they are a tourist attraction.
http://bettyandlingshing.blogspot.co.id/2012/05/yogyakarta-trip-kraton-and-taman-sari.html The castle used to be the royal garden of the sultanate. Built around 1750, the castle is believed to be an area for the former kings to rest, meditate, defence, and even escape from the enemies. The castle is believed to be a place for the kings to accommodate their concubines.
- 41.
- 42.
Source: Indonesia Internet Users www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/indonesia/
- 43.
- 44.
- 45.
- 46.
- 47.
This ethical position along with the need to protect the habitat of human beings and other animals is the first step in ensuring food security and ethical cross-species governance when developing policy and governance to protect the global commons. Conversations with people about how they view the human-animal relationship are a precursor to developing policy and laws to ensure the rights to a life worth living supported by a viable habitat for human beings, domestic animals, agricultural animals and wild animals (Donaldson and Kymlicka 2011). The notion developed in Planetary Passport (McIntyre-Mills 2017b) is that the ecological citizen has the right and the responsibility to protect living systems. Distributive networks could be used to enable this to occur. Tags on food and tags on sentient beings could ensure that they are not abused or trafficked. The capabilities approach starts with the assumption of shared rights by virtue of being sentient.
- 48.
The exploration of the opportunities in local co-operatives (poultry and mushroom growing in the coffee grains) could enable the participants to add value to local products by processing, packaging and marketing them. Products ranging from fertilizer to value-added packaged coffee, fruit and herbs will be explored. The case is made for fostering non-anthropocentric approaches to ethical development.
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McIntyre-Mills, J., Corcoran-Nantes, Y., Wirawan, R., Widianingsih, I., Saptenno, I., Sari, N.H. (2019). Freeing the Luwaks and Escaping the Iron Cage: Vignettes on Surviving in the Anthropocene by Joining Up the Social, Economic and Environmental Policy Dots—An Application of Critical Systemic Thinking to Areas of Concern. In: McIntyre-Mills, J., Romm, N.R.A., Corcoran-Nantes, Y. (eds) Democracy and Governance for Resourcing the Commons. Contemporary Systems Thinking. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04891-4_8
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