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Exercise and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertension

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular disease risk factors due to its high prevalence and significant medical costs. The 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure (BP) in Adults and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend lifestyle modifications such as habitual physical activity as a cornerstone therapy to prevent, treat, and control hypertension. The purposes of this chapter are to (1) present the pathophysiology, prevalence, and incidence of hypertension; (2) overview the epidemiological association between cardiorespiratory fitness and hypertension; (3) overview the current consensus on the effects of acute (immediate, short-term, or postexercise hypotension) and chronic (long-term or training) exercise on BP among individuals with elevated BP or established hypertension; (4) discuss new and emerging research on the effects of acute and chronic exercise on BP that has the potential to alter the way in which aerobic exercise is prescribed to prevent, treat, and control hypertension in the future; and (5) present exercise prescription recommendations and special considerations for individuals with hypertension that consider this new and emerging research.

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Abbreviations

1RM:

One-repetition maximum

ACC:

American College of Cardiology

ACSM:

American College of Sports Medicine

AHA:

American Heart Association

BP:

Blood pressure

CO:

Cardiac output

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

Ex Rx:

Exercise prescription

FIT:

Frequency, intensity, and time

FITT-VP:

Frequency, intensity, time, type, volume, and progression

HIIT:

High-intensity interval training

HR:

Heart rate

IHG:

Isometric handgrip

JNC 7 :

The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure

JNC 8 :

The Eighth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure

MAP:

Mean arterial pressure

PEH:

Postexercise hypotension

RPE:

Rating of perceived exertion

RT:

Resistance training

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

TPR:

Total peripheral resistance

USA:

United States

\( \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 \)max:

Maximal oxygen consumption

\( \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 \)peak:

Peak oxygen consumption

\( \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2\mathrm{R} \) :

Oxygen consumption reserve

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

    Hayley V. MacDonald

  2. Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Linda S. Pescatello

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  1. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Rutgers University Department of Kinesiology and Health, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA

    Peter Kokkinos

  2. Clinical Research Institute of Northern Virginia, Burke, VA, USA

    Puneet Narayan

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MacDonald, H.V., Pescatello, L.S. (2019). Exercise and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertension. In: Kokkinos, P., Narayan, P. (eds) Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04816-7_8

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