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Exercise Metabolism in Health and Disease

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Abstract

Maintaining metabolic homeostasis is of paramount importance for the human organism. Accordingly, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, the energy currency of the human body, are adequately maintained in skeletal and heart muscle by the continuous formation of ATP aerobically and anaerobically. The main substrates used for ATP formation are phosphocreatine, carbohydrates, and free fatty acids, while branched-chain amino acids contribute to a smaller extent. The main factor dictating the dominant metabolic pathway and the type of substrate used is exercise intensity, whereas other factors such as exercise duration, fitness status, gender, diet, and environmental conditions may also influence exercise metabolism. The metabolic pathways do not function independently. Rather, they interact via extracellular and intracellular signals from the exercising muscles and communicate with distant organs such as the liver, heart, and brain. Moreover, hormones secreted by cells of the endocrine system regulate activity of cells in other parts of the body, they can be released in response to exercise-induced stress, and, among other multiple functions, they modulate metabolism during exercise. Several clinical implications for health benefits of special populations rely on exercise metabolism alterations.

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Abbreviations

1-RM:

One-repetition maximum

Acetyl-CoA:

Acetyl coenzyme A

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

AT:

Anaerobic threshold

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

ATPase:

Adenosine triphosphatase

BCAA:

Branched-chain amino acids

BCOADH:

Branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase

CK:

Creatine kinase

CPK:

Creatine phosphokinase

Cr:

Creatine

FADH2:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FAT/CD 36:

Fatty acid translocase

FATP:

Fatty acid transport protein

FFA:

Free fatty acids

FT:

Free testosterone

G-6-P:

Glucose-6-phosphate

GH:

Growth hormone

GLUT4:

Glucose transporter type 4

GSDV:

Glycogen storage disease type V

HbA1c:

(Glycated) hemoglobin A1c

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HGP:

Hepatic glucose output

HIF-1:

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1

HIIT:

High-intensity interval training

HSL:

Hormone-sensitive lipase

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor-1

IL:

Interleukin

IMP:

Inosine monophosphate

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LDL-C:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LDM:

Low-density microsomes

LT:

Lactate threshold

MCT1:

Monocarboxylate transporter 1

mPTP:

Mitochondrial permeability transition pore

MTGL:

Muscle triacylglycerol lipase

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH:

Reduced form of NAD

NH4+:

Ammonium

NO:

Nitric oxide

PCr:

Phosphocreatine

PDH:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

PFK:

Phosphofructokinase

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha

PHOS:

Glycogen phosphorylase

RER:

Respiratory exchange ratio

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SHBG:

Sex hormone-binding globulin

SIRTs:

Sirtuins

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors

T1D:

Diabetes mellitus type 1

T2D:

Diabetes mellitus type 2

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

TGs:

Triglycerides

VCO2:

Volume of carbon dioxide expired

VE:

Volume of air inspired or expired

VLDL-C:

Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

VO2:

Volume of oxygen uptake

VO2max:

Maximal oxygen uptake

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Anastassios Philippou, Costas Chryssanthopoulos & Michael Koutsilieris

  2. Department of Sports Medicine & Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Maria Maridaki

  3. Second Department of Internal Medicine-Research Institute and Diabetes Center, “Attikon” University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    George Dimitriadis

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  1. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Rutgers University Department of Kinesiology and Health, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA

    Peter Kokkinos

  2. Clinical Research Institute of Northern Virginia, Burke, VA, USA

    Puneet Narayan

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Philippou, A., Chryssanthopoulos, C., Maridaki, M., Dimitriadis, G., Koutsilieris, M. (2019). Exercise Metabolism in Health and Disease. In: Kokkinos, P., Narayan, P. (eds) Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04816-7_5

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