Skip to main content

The Emergency Manager as Risk Manager

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Disaster Research and the Second Environmental Crisis

Part of the book series: Environmental Hazards ((ENHA))

Abstract

Emergency management as an institution has grown in size and scope in recent decades, but has this emergent profession brought better public decisions about managing hazards and risks? The evidence is mixed because though emergency managers have acted wisely and heroically, they are subject to institutional constraints as well as the same decision biases and barriers that affect other experts and professionals. We propose that emergency management can be improved and hazard vulnerability lessened more readily through better decision processes than through the traditional approach of incremental improvements in the quality of information. The current fascination with “big data” focuses on more and better information, but emergency and hazards managers should ensure that they use the data they already have access to well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arvai, J., Gregory, R., Bessette, D., & Campbell-Arvai, V. (2012). Decision support for developing energy strategies. Issues in Science and Technology, 28(4), 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arvai, J., & Post, K. (2012). Risk management in a developing country context: Improving decisions about point-of-use water treatment among the rural poor in Africa. Risk Analysis, 32(1), 67–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvai, J. L., Gregory, R., & McDaniels, T. L. (2001). Testing a structured decision approach: Value-focused thinking for deliberative risk communication. Risk Analysis, 21(6), 1065–1076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arvai, J., & Gregory, R. (2003). Testing alternative decision approaches for identifying cleanup priorities at contaminated sites. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(8), 1469–1476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, E. J. (1995). Public response to hurricane probability forecasts. The Professional Geographer, 47(2), 137–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, G. (2013). Public warnings—Why crying wolf is downright bad. Emergency Management blog. Available at: http://www.emergencymgmt.com/emergency-blogs/crisis-comm/Public-warnings%2D%2Dwhy-crying-wolf-041113.html. Last accessed 24 July 2016.

  • Baumgart, L A., Bass, E. J., Philips, B., & Kloesel, K. (2006). Emergency management decision-making during severe weather. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Sage Publications, 50(3), 381–385. 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, L., & Turoff, M. (2007). Human-computer interaction: The human and computer as a team in emergency management information systems. Communications of the ACM, 50(3), 33–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, S. O. (2008). Emergency management: Implications from a strategic management perspective. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 5(1), 1547–7355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. M., & Murphy, B. L. (2014). Rural hazard risk communication and public education: Strategic and tactical best practices. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10(1), 292–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, L. L. (2012). Personal interview, Eugene, Oregon, March 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L. (2003). GI science, disasters, and emergency management. Transactions in GIS, 7(4), 439–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donner, W. R. (2008). Decision making as community adaptation: a case study of emergency managers in Oklahoma. Disasters, 32(2), 292–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., & Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrier, N., & Emdad Haque, C. (2003). Hazards risk assessment methodology for emergency managers: A standardized framework for application. Natural Hazards, 28(2–3), 271–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fogli, D., & Guida, G. (2013). Knowledge-centered design of decision support systems for emergency management. Decision Support Systems, 55(1), 336–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadomski, A. M., Bologna, S., Di Costanzo, G., Perini, A., & Schaerf, M. (2001). Towards intelligent decision support systems for emergency managers: The IDA approach. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2(3–4), 224–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G., Hertwig, R., Van Den Broek, E., Fasolo, B., & Katsikopoulos, K. V. (2005). “A 30% chance of rain tomorrow”: How does the public understand probabilistic weather forecasts? Risk Analysis, 25(3), 623–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R., & Long, G. (2009). Using structured decision making to help implement a precautionary approach to endangered species management. Risk Analysis, 29(4), 518–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R., McDaniels, T., & Fields, D. (2001). Decision aiding, not dispute resolution: Creating insights through structured environmental decisions. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20(3), 415–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R., Failing, L., Harstone, M., Long, G., McDaniels, T., & Ohlson, D. (2012). Structured decision making: A practical guide to environmental management choices. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R., Arvai, J., & Gerber, L. R. (2013). Structuring decisions for managing threatened and endangered species in a changing climate. Conservation Biology, 27(6), 1212–1221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, J. S., Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1999). Smart choices: A practical guide to making better decisions (Vol. 226). Boston: Harvard Business Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoetmer, G. J. (1991). Introduction. In G. J. Hoetmer & T. E. Drabek (Eds.), Emergency management: Principles and practice for local government (pp. xvii–xxxiv). Washington, DC: International City Management Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, J. (2013). Research standards for the academic discipline of emergency management. http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/emTheoryResearch.asp

  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2000). Choices, values, and frames. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenney, L., Bessette, D., & Arvai, J. (2015). Structuring decisions about energy in developing communities: An example from Canada’s north. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(5), 855–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, N. L., & Scott Tindale, R. (2004). Group performance and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 623–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, N. L., MacCoun, R. J., & Kramer, G. P. (1996). Bias in judgment: Comparing individuals and groups. Psychological Review, 103(4), 687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konold, C. (1989). Informal conceptions of probability. Cognition and Instruction, 6(1), 59–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniels, T. L., Gregory, R. S., & Fields, D. (1999). Democratizing risk management: Successful public involvement in local water management decisions. Risk Analysis, 19(3), 497–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEntire, D. A. (2006). Disciplines, disasters and emergency management: The convergence and divergence of concepts, issues and trends from the research literature, Federal Emergency Management Agency. Emergency Management Institute. http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/ddemtextbook.asp

  • McEntire, D. A. (2007). Local emergency management organizations. In H. Rodrigues, E. Quarantelli, & R. Dynes (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (pp. 168–182). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M. (2009). The new professionalism and collaborative activity in local emergency management. In R. O’Leary & L. B. Bingham (Eds.), The collaborative public manager new ideas for the twenty-first century (pp. 71–93). Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, B. L. (2007). Locating social capital in resilient community-level emergency management. Natural Hazards, 41(2), 297–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, N. (1999). Cognitive illusions, heuristics, and climate prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80(7), 1385–1397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paton, D., & Flin, R. (1999). Disaster stress: An emergency management perspective. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 8(4), 261–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, E., Västfjäll, D., Slovic, P., Mertz, C. K., Mazzocco, K., & Dickert, S. (2006). Numeracy and decision making. Psychological Science, 17(5), 407–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, B. D. (2003). Disasters by discipline: Necessary dialogue for emergency management education. Paper presented at the “Creating Educational Opportunities for the Hazards Manager of the 21stCentury” workshop, Denver, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pine, J. C. (2004). Research needs to support the emergency manager of the future. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 1, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P. S., & Wernstedt, K. (2016). Using climate forecasts across a state’s emergency management network. Natural Hazards Review, 17(3), 1–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sink, S. A. (1995). Determining the public’s understanding of precipitation forecasts: Results of a survey. National Weather Digest, 19(3), 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slovic, P. (1995). The construction of preference. American Psychologist, 50(5), 364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S., Altay, N., Green, W. G., III, & Lapetina, J. (2006). Improving disaster response efforts with decision support systems. International Journal of Emergency Management, 3(4), 250–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tufekci, S., & Wallace, W. (1998). The emerging area of emergency management and engineering. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions, 45(2), 103–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van De Walle, B., Turoff, M., & Hiltz, S. R. (2014). Information systems for emergency management. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wart, M., & Kapucu, N. (2011). Crisis management competencies: The case of emergency managers in the USA. Public Management Review, 13(4), 489–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waugh, W. L., & Streib, G. (2006). Collaboration and leadership for effective emergency management. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 131–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wernstedt, K., & Hersh, R. (2004). Climate forecasts and flood planning under the reign of ENSO. Natural Hazards Review, 5(2), 97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wernstedt, K., Roberts, P., & Dull, M. (2009). Can climate signals inform emergency management? Preliminary evidence. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 6(1), 54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wernstedt, K., Roberts, P., Arvai, J., and Redmond, K. (2019). How emergency managers (mis?) interpret forecasts. Disasters 43(1), 88–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J., & Oyola-Yemaiel, A. (2001). The evolution of emergency management and the advancement towards a profession in the United States and Florida. Safety Science, 39(1), 117–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. S., & Arvai, J. L. (2010). Why less is more: Exploring affect-based value neglect. Journal of Risk Research, 13(4), 399–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, R. L., & Clemen, R. T. (2004). Multiple experts vs. multiple methods: Combining correlation assessments. Decision Analysis, 1(3), 167–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittenbaum, G. M., Hubbell, A. P., & Zuckerman, C. (1999). Mutual enhancement: Toward an understanding of the collective preference for shared information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrick S. Roberts .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Roberts, P.S., Wernstedt, K., Arvai, J., Redmond, K. (2019). The Emergency Manager as Risk Manager. In: Kendra, J., Knowles, S., Wachtendorf, T. (eds) Disaster Research and the Second Environmental Crisis. Environmental Hazards. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04691-0_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics