Gay and Lesbian Student Groups Struggle to Serve Campus in the 1980s

Dilley, Patrick

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04645-3_4

Gay and Lesbian Student Groups Struggle to Serve Campus in the 1980s

Patrick Dilley²

Chapter
First Online: 23 February 2019

399 Accesses

Abstract

The Midwestern college gay and lesbian student organizations faced a number of transitions in the 1980s, including increasing campus protections and status of non-heterosexuals. Challenges from the administration to such changes were substantial and pervasive; as students graduated, successive cohorts often raised the same issues and demands, usually centered on equity of access to campus programs, including Reserve Officer Training Corps. Over the decade, the organizations institutionalized the services they provided to their campuses, and responded to increased, organized resistance—and violence—from other students. At stake were the organizations’ claims of minority status on campus akin to racial minority status. Universities analyzed include the University of Illinois, University of Michigan, Ohio State University, University of Iowa, and University of Kansas.

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Notes

1.
See Robert A. Rhoads, Freedom’s Web: Student Activism in an Age of Cultural Diversity (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), and Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987).
2.
Student Affairs – Programs and Services, Office of the Dean of Students – Office for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Concerns, 1942–2014, 41/2/46, Box 1, University of Illinois Archives, University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
3.
University of Illinois Archives, Student and Faculty Organizations, Constitutions & Registration Cards, 1909–2002, Series 41/2/41, Box 10. Note: all registration information for this organization comes from this file. Also, I was unable to locate in that file the forms between 1979 and 1982.
4.
University of Illinois Archives, Student Affairs, Programs and Services, Offices of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns, 1942–2014, 41/2/46, Box 1, Gay Illini.
5.
University of Illinois Archives, Student and Faculty Organizations, Constitutions & Registration Cards, 1909–2002, Series 41/2/41, Box 10.
6.
James W. Toy Papers, James W. Toy Papers, Box 17, Folder: Michigan Gay Undergrads, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
7.
“Ann Arbor Lesbian-Gay Pride Week ’81 Tentative Schedule of Events 20–28 June,” undated. James W. Toy Papers, James W. Toy Papers, Box 17, Folder: Michigan Gay Undergrads, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
8.
“Ann Arbor Lesbian-Gay Pride Week ’81 Tentative Schedule of Events 20–28 June,” undated; James W. Toy Papers, James W. Toy Papers, Box 17, Folder: Michigan Gay Undergrads, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
9.
“Ann Arbor Lesbian-Gay Pride Week ’81 Tentative Schedule of Events 20–28 June,” undated; James W. Toy Papers, James W. Toy Papers, Box 17, Folder: Michigan Gay Undergrads, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
10.
Michigan Gay Undergraduate Membership Form, James W. Toy Papers, Box 17, Folder: Michigan Gay Undergrads, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
11.
Michigan Gay Undergraduate Membership Form, James W. Toy Papers, Box 17, Folder: Michigan Gay Undergrads, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
12.
Jackie Young, “Campus Gays Come Out Politically,” The Michigan Daily, September 3, 1983, 1, 2: 1.
13.
Jackie Young, “Gay Rights Backers Rally Against Anti-gay Bias,” The Michigan Daily, August 9, 1983, 1, 3–4, 3.
14.
Young, “Gay Rights Backers Rally Against Anti-gay Bias,” 3.
15.
Young, “Gay Rights Backers Rally Against Anti-gay Bias,” 3.
16.
Young, “Gay Rights Backers Rally Against Anti-gay Bias,” 3.
17.
Young, “Gay Rights Backers Rally Against Anti-gay Bias,” 4.
18.
“A History of LaGROC,” draft, undated but after 1987. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. James Toy Papers, Box 16, Lesbian and Gay Rights on Campus (LaGROC).
19.
“A History of LaGROC.”
20.
Young, “Gay Rights Backers Rally Against Anti-gay Bias,” 1.
21.
Young, “Gay Rights Backers Rally Against Anti-gay Bias,” 1.
22.
Rachel Gottlieb, “Shapiro Aggravates Gays,” The Michigan Daily, March 15, 1984, 1, 2: 2.
23.
Gottlieb, “Shapiro Aggravates Gays.”
24.
Jonathan [Ellis?], letter to Jim [Toy], July 5, 1983. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, James W. Toy Papers, Box 16, Folder: LaGROC, Correspondence, 1983–1988.
25.
Barbara Misle, “Hundreds Come to Share Hal’s Donuts and Cider,” The Michigan Daily, September 30, 1983, 1, 9.
26.
Misle, “Hundreds Come to Share Hal’s Donuts and Cider,” 9.
27.
Misle, “Hundreds Come to Share Hal’s Donuts and Cider,” 9.
28.
Misle, “Hundreds Come to Share Hal’s Donuts and Cider,” 9.
29.
Georgea Kovanis, “Gays Call for Action,” The Michigan Daily, March 2, 1984, 1, 3: 3.
30.
Kovanis, “Gays Call for Action.”
31.
“Gay Rights Protest (photo),” Ann Arbor News, March 10, 1984, A4; Sharon Silbar, “Gay Activists Protest Silently Before Visiting Shapiro’s Office,” The Michigan Daily, March 10, 1984, 1.
32.
Silbar, “Gay Activists Protest Silently Before Visiting Shapiro’s Office.”
33.
Silbar, “Gay Activists Protest Silently Before Visiting Shapiro’s Office.”
34.
“Gay Rights Protest (photo).”
35.
Silbar, “Gay Activists Protest Silently Before Visiting Shapiro’s Office.”
36.
Georgia Kovanis, “Shapiro Issues Policy Shielding Gays,” The Michigan Daily, March 13, 1984, 1, 5: 1.
37.
Kovanis, “Shapiro Issues Policy Shielding Gays.”
38.
Kovanis, “Shapiro Issues Policy Shielding Gays.”
39.
Rachel Gottlieb, “Shapiro Aggravates Gays,” The Michigan Daily, March 15, 1984, 1, 2: 2.
40.
Gottlieb, “Shapiro Aggravates Gays.”
41.
“President Shapiro Issues ‘U’ Policy Statement” handout, undated. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, James W. Toy Papers, Box 16, Folder: LaGROC, Correspondence, 1983–1988.
42.
LaGROC, “Op-ed: Non-discrimination Policy Takes Effect,” The Michigan Daily, March 22, 1984, 4.
43.
Mary Saxton, “GLSOK Fighting for Classification as Minority,” University Daily Kansan, February 20, 1984, 3.
44.
Tad Clarke, “Lichtwardt Has Dream of Equal Rights for Homosexuals,” University Daily Kansan, April 10, 1985, 1, 5.
45.
Saxton, “GLSOK Fighting for Classification as Minority,” 3.
46.
Mary Sexton, “Committee Defines ‘Minority,’” University Daily Kansan, March 1, 1984, 6.
47.
Cindy Holm, “GLSOK Says Senate Panel Shows Bias,” University Daily Kansan, February 14, 1984, 1.
48.
Mary Sexton and Cindy Holm, “Senate Committee May Ask Groups to List Members,” University Daily Kansan, March 23, 1984, 1, 5: 1.
49.
Cindy Holm, “Senators Vote Not to Finance Gay Services,” University Daily Kansan, April 11, 1984, 1; Mary Sexton, “GLSOK Did Not Expect Budget Cutoff,” April 12, 1984, 1.
50.
Partly this was due to non-heterosexuals having more social outlets in the 1980s, such as bars, in Lawrence. For more, see Patrick Dilley, Queer Man on Campus: A History of Non-Heterosexual Men in College, 1945–2000. (New York: Routledge Falmer, 175–177).
51.
Holm, “Senators Vote not to Finance Gay Services”; Sexton, “GLSOK Did Not Expect Budget cutoff.”
52.
Mary Sexton, “Student’s Petition Opposes GLSOK Financing,” University Daily Kansan, April 17, 1984, 3.
53.
Mary Sexton, “Student 1000 Back End to GLSOK Funds,” University Daily Kansan, April 18, 1984, 8.
54.
Cindy Holm, “Senate Tentatively Extends GLSOK Funds,” University Daily Kansan, April 19, 1984, 5.
55.
Holm, “Senate Tentatively Extends GLSOK Funds.”
56.
Mary Sexton, “Student Wants to Force Referendum on GLSOK,” University Daily Kansan, April 24, 1984, 5.
57.
John Hanna, “Funding to GLSOK in Doubt,” University Daily Kansan, September 6, 1984, 1, 5: 5.
58.
John Hanna, “Petition’s T-shirt Sales Stir GLSOK,” University Daily Kansan, September 25, 1984, p. 1, 5; John Hanna, “Doubt Cast on Referendum Drive,” University Daily Kansan, September 25, 1984, p. 1, 5.
59.
Doug Hitchcock, “Anti-homosexual T-shirt Stirs Protest at KU,” Lawrence Journal-World, September 26, 1984, 6.
60.
Hitchcock, “Anti-homosexual T-shirt Stirs Protest at KU.”
61.
Hanna, “Petitioner’s T-shirt Sales Stir GLSOK.”
62.
John Hanna, “Senate Panel Must Check List of Names,” University Daily Kansan, September 18, 1984, 1.
63.
Hitchcock, “Anti-homosexual T-shirt Stirs Protest at KU.”
64.
John Hanna, “Committee Calls GLSOK Petition Discriminatory,” University Daily Kansan, September 28, 1984, 1.
65.
John Hanna, “Gay Group Angry After Car Tampering,” University Daily Kansan, September 28, 1984, 7.
66.
C. S. Manegold and Shelly Phillips, “‘Fagbusters’” Turning Violent on U.S. College Campuses,” Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle-Telegram, December 23, 1984, C-8. This was a syndicated story on the Knight-Ridder news service, so it appears in multiple papers, under different headlines, on various days in this time period.
67.
John Hanna, “Petition on GLSOK Money to Get Second Chance,” University Daily Kansan, October 4, 1984, 1.
68.
Hanna, “Petition on GLSOK Money to Get Second Chance.”
69.
John Hanna, “Committee Kills Imber’s Petition on GLSOK Funds,” University Daily Kansan, October 5, 1984, 1, 7: 7.
70.
John Egan and John Hanna, “Imber Will Appeal Decision Disallowing Campus Vote,” University Daily Kansan, October 11, 1984, 5.
71.
Doug Hitchcock, “KU Administrators Hope Steps Will Stop Intolerance,” Lawrence-Journal World, November 12, 1984, 1, 18: 18.
72.
Mary Carter, “KU Officials Issue Harassment Policy,” University Daily Kansan, November 9, 1984, 1.
73.
Nancy Stoetzer, “Appeal’s Fate in Limbo After Board’s Meeting,” University Daily Kansan, December 5, 1984, 5.
74.
Nancy Stoetzer, “Judicial Board Says Petition Wrongly Invalidated,” University Daily Kansan, January 16, 1985, 1.
75.
Ruth Lichtwardt, Interview with Author, January 2002.
76.
Ruth Lichtwardt, Interview with Author, January 2002.
77.
Nancy Stoetzer, “GLSOK Leader, Foe Promote Truce,” University Daily Kansan, January 18, 1987, 1.
78.
Nancy Stoetzer, “Imber Still Seeking GLSOK Referendum,” University Daily Kansan, January 21, 1985, 1, 5: 1.
79.
Stoetzer, “Imber Still Seeking GLSOK Referendum.”
80.
Ruth Lichtwardt, Interview with Author, January 2002.
81.
Sharon Rosse, “GLSOK Dance Shows Profit After 3-Month Lag,” University Daily Kansan, January 28, 1985, 3.
82.
Rosse, “GLSOK Dance Shows Profit After 3-Month Lag.”
83.
Rosse, “GLSOK Dance Shows Profit After 3-Month Lag.”
84.
Nancy Stoetzer, “GLSOK Awareness Week Cancelled, University Daily Kansan, April 2, 1985, 1, 5.
85.
Nancy Stoetzer, Panel passes GLSOK back to Senate, University Daily Kansan, 4/3/85, 1, 5: 1.
86.
Julie Mangen, “Senate Rejects Request for GALA Week Funds,” University Daily Kansan, April 4, 1985, 1, 5.
87.
Nancy Stoetzer, “GALA Week Resurrected with Private Funds,” University Daily Kansan, April 5, 1985, 3.
88.
Michael Totty, “Senate Could Limit Effect of Petitions,” University Daily Kansan, April 17, 1985, 3.
89.
Totty, “Senate Could Limit Effect of Petitions.”
90.
“Petition to Get Review in Two Weeks,” University Daily Kansan, April 16, 1985, 16.
91.
Nicolette Kondratieff, “Student Senate to Consider GLSOK Petition Once Again,” University Daily Kansan, August 26, 1985, 9.
92.
Bonnie Snyder, “GLSOK Petition Dies Again,” University Daily Kansan, October 15, 1985, 1, 2.
93.
Clarke, “Lichtwardt Has Dream of Equal Rights for Homosexuals,” 5.
94.
Michael Blake, Interview with Author, April 26, 2008.
95.
Michael Blake, Interview with Author, April 26, 2008.
96.
Supplemental Form for 87 Funding. Records of the GLBTAU, RG 02.03.18, University of Iowa Archives.
97.
Gay People’s Union, Press Release, March 6, 1987. University of Iowa Archives, RG 02.03.18, Records of the GLBTAU.
98.
Gay People’s Union, Press Release.
99.
Gay People’s Union, Press Release.
100.
Charles H. Smith to Thomas E. Everhart. University of Illinois Archives, Student Affairs – Dean of Students, Office of the, Stanley A. Levy Papers, 1948–1998, 41/1/21, Box 11, Folder: Gay Rights.
101.
Dawn Bushaus, “Amid Scorn, Task Force Rolls,” Daily Illini, March 17, 1986, 15.
102.
Email from Clarence Shelley to Stanley Levy re: GLI meeting with Chancellor Everhart, January 27, 1986. University of Illinois Archives, Student Affairs – Dean of Students, Office of the, Stanley A. Levy Papers, 1943–1998, 41/1/21, Box 11, Folder: Gay Rights.
103.
Thomas E. Everhart to H. George Friedman, Jr. Associate Prof of Computer Science, January 27, 1986. University of Illinois Archives, Student Affairs – Dean of Students, Office of the, Stanley A. Levy Papers, 1943–1998, 41/1/21, Box 11, Folder: Gay Rights.
104.
University of Illinois News Bureau, January 27, 1986. Student Affairs – Dean of Students, Office of the, Stanley A. Levy Papers, 1943–1998, 41/1/21, Box 11, Folder: Gay Rights.
105.
University of Illinois News Bureau, January 27, 1986. University of Illinois Archives, Student Affairs – Dean of Students, Office of the, Stanley A. Levy Papers, 1943–1998, 41/1/21, Box 11, Folder: Gay Rights.
106.
Bushaus, “Amid Scorn, Task Force Rolls.”
107.
Mary Ellen Shanesey to Thomas E. Everhart, March 18, 1986. University of Illinois Archives, Student Affairs – Dean of Students, Office of the, Stanley A. Levy Papers, 1943–1998, 41/1/21, Box 11, Folder: Gay Rights.
108.
Bushaus, “Amid Scorn, Task force Rolls.”
109.
Kristina Boerger, Interview with Author, September 27, 2018.
110.
Kristina Boerger, Interview with Author, September 27, 2018.
111.
At least in the press, the title of the organization was the Gay and Lesbian Illini. Boerger notes the “kind of unfortunate appropriation of Native American imagery” of the still contested University of Illinois’ mascot, Chief Illini. In an odd connection, the Illinois Republican who talked to the press about the abnormality of sucking cock, Webber Borchers, hitchhiked to North Dakota to obtain the costume for the original mascot, back when Borchers was an undergraduate student at Illinois.
112.
Kristina Boerger, Interview with Author, September 27, 2018.
113.
Mary Lee Sargent was women’s rights—and gay and lesbian rights—activist and organizer in her own right, helping shape efforts in the Champaign-Urbana area on gay and lesbian issues for 40 years. She was a faculty member at Parkland Community College, from 1968 until 2001. She continued serving as the director of the Office of Women’s Programs and Services until 2003.
114.
Kristina Boerger, Interview with Author, September 27, 2018.
115.
The anti-apartheid movement was a global protest against investments in segregated apartheid government-held businesses and projects. For more information, see Philip G. Altbach and Robert Cohen, “American Student Activism: The Post-Sixties Transformation,” Journal of Higher Education, 61, No. 1 (January–February, 1990), 32–49.
116.
Kristina Boerger, Interview with Author, September 27, 2018.
117.
Kristina Boerger, Interview with Author, September 27, 2018.
118.
Cheryl Thompson, “Protesters Criticize UI Anti-discrimination Delays,” Champaign-Urbana News Gazette January 31, 1987.
119.
Thompson, “Protesters Criticize UI Anti-discrimination Delays.”
120.
Orrin Schwarz, “Threats Fail to Hal Gay Activists,” Daily Illini, Feb 2, 1987, p. 3, 7: 7.
121.
Schwarz, “Threats Fail to Hal Gay Activists,” 7.
122.
Schwarz, “Threats Fail to Hal Gay Activists.”
123.
Schwarz, “Threats Fail to Hal Gay Activists,” 7.
124.
Schwarz, “Threats Fail to Hal Gay Activists,” 7.
125.
Schwarz, “Threats Fail to Hal Gay Activists,” 7.
126.
Schwarz, “Threats Fail to Hal Gay Activists,” 7.
127.
Kristina Boerger, Interview with Author, September 27, 2018. My conversation with Boerger occurred the night of the U.S. Senate’s Committee on the Judiciary’s hearing of Dr. Christine Blasey Ford’s testimony and Brett Kavanaugh’s response. The national mood affected both of us. Boerger told me, “My comments are off the chain after today.”
128.
Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, March 14, 1987, 259–261.
129.
Rebecca Dohleman, “GLI Urges Everhart to Back Anti-discrimination Policy,” Daily Illini, March 27, 1987, 3.
130.
Robert Loerzel, “Report: Homophobia Prevalent,” Daily Illini, April 27, 1987, 1, 5.
131.
Loerzel, “Report: Homophobia Prevalent”; Laurie Goering, “Report Says Bias Haunts U. of I. Gays,” Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1987.
132.
Loerzel, “Report: Homophobia Prevalent,” 5.
133.
Robert Loerzel, “Policy Proposed for Protection of UI Homosexuals,” Daily Illini, April 28, 1987, 1–5: 1.
134.
Loerzel, “Policy Proposed for Protection of UI Homosexuals,” 1.
135.
Loerzel, “Policy Proposed for Protection of UI Homosexuals,” 1.
136.
Loerzel, “Policy Proposed for Protection of UI Homosexuals,” 5.
137.
Nancy Slepicka, “Board Will Not Hear Gay Rights Proposal,” Daily Illini, April 29, 1987, 1.
138.
Slepicka, “Board Will Not Hear Gay Rights Proposal.”
139.
Catherine Spellman, “GLI to Ask for Action by Board of Trustees,” Daily Illini, May 13, 1987, 1, 9.
140.
Spellman, “GLI to Ask for Action by Board of Trustees,” 9.
141.
“Ikenberry, Board Affirm UI Policy Protects Gays,” Illini Week, June 11, 1987.
142.
“Ikenberry, Board Affirm UI Policy Protects Gays.”
143.
“Ikenberry, Board Affirm UI Policy Protects Gays.”
144.
“Ikenberry, Board Affirm UI Policy Protects Gays.”
145.
Jessica Goldbogen, “Discussion Centers on Gays as Minority Group,” Daily Illini, November 3, 1989, 3.
146.
Goldbogen, “Discussion Centers on Gays as Minority Group.”
147.
Georgea Kovanis, “Campus Gays Still Waiting for Policy,” The Michigan Daily, March 9, 1984, 1, 5: 5.
148.
Jim Poniewozik, “Gay Activist Fights for Recognition Through LaGROC,” The Michigan Daily, December 9, 1987, 1, 5: 5.
149.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
150.
Poniewozik, “Gay Activist Fights for Recognition Through LaGROC,” 5.
151.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
152.
Poniewozik, “Gay Activist Fights for Recognition Through LaGROC,” 5.
153.
Poniewozik, “Gay Activist Fights for Recognition Through LaGROC,” 1.
154.
Poniewozik, “Gay Activist Fights for Recognition Through LaGROC,” 5.
155.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
156.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
157.
Poniewozik, “Gay Activist Fights for Recognition Through LaGROC,” 5.
158.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
159.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
160.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
161.
Stephen Gregory, “Nordby Says She Supports Gay Demands,” The Michigan Daily, November 13, 1987, 1.
162.
Gregory, “Nordby Says She Supports Gay Demands.”
163.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
164.
Gregory, “Nordby Says She Supports Gay Demands.”
165.
Barbara Misle, “U-M Student Government Fights ‘Homophobic’ Policy,” Ann Arbor News, November 18, 1987, A9.
166.
Elizabeth Atins, “Group Occupies Nordby’s Office,” The Michigan Daily, November 19, 1987, 1, 3, 5.
167.
Atins, “Group Occupies Nordby’s Office,” 5.
168.
Atins, “Group Occupies Nordby’s Office.”
169.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
170.
Jim Poniewozik, “Regents Refuse Demand to Include Gays in Logo,” The Michigan Daily, January 18, 1988, 1, 5: 1.
171.
Poniewozik, “Regents Refuse Demand to Include Gays in Logo,” 5.
172.
Barbara Misle, “Activists for Gays Occupy Bathroom to Protest Statement,” Ann Arbor News, January 22, 1988, A5; Jim Poniewozik, “LaGROC Sits in at Fleming Building,” The Michigan Daily, January 25, 1988, 1, 5.
173.
Henry T. Johnson was the first African-American hired at Michigan at such a level, having been appointed in 1972. Johnson was an active leader in the field of higher education, serving as a voting delegate for the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA) and as commissioner-at-large for the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. He was trained as a psychiatric social worker. Given his background in student affairs and civil rights, Johnson’s responses to LaGROC are all the more indicative of an administration that really had little interest in doing anything for non-heterosexual students than it was forced to do. It is difficult to fathom an officer of a university encouraging students to file grievances and lawsuits against that university.
174.
Misle, “Activists for Gays Occupy Bathroom to Protest Statement”; Poniewozik, “LaGROC Sits in at Fleming Building.”
175.
Poniewozik, “LaGROC Sits in at Fleming Building,” 5.
176.
Poniewozik, “LaGROC Sits in at Fleming Building,” 5.
177.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
178.
Misle, “Activists for Gays Occupy Bathroom to Protest Statement.”
179.
Carol Wayland, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
180.
Misle, “Activists for Gays Occupy Bathroom to Protest Statement.”
181.
Misle, “Activists for Gays Occupy Bathroom to Protest Statement.”
182.
Carol Wayman, Interview with Author, August 14, 2018.
183.
Steve Knopper, “Officials Discuss Code Draft,” The Michigan Daily, January 18, 1988, 1, 3.
184.
Knopper, “Officials Discuss Code Draft.”
185.
Jim Poniewozik, “Civil Rights Board Hears ‘U’ Testimony,” The Michigan Daily, April 18, 1988, 1, 5.
186.
Steve Knopper, “CBN Fears Fleming’s Funding Cut Threat,” The Michigan Daily, April 15, 1988, 3.
187.
Jim Poniewozik and Ryan Tutak, “Chaos Disrupts Regents’ Meeting,” The Michigan Daily, April 15, 1988, 1, 5: 1.
188.
Poniewozik and Tutak, “Chaos Disrupts Regent’s Meeting,” 1.
189.
David Schwartz, “Code Approval Prompts Protest,” The Michigan Daily, April 18, 1988, 1, 2.
190.
Poniewozik and Tutak, “Chaos Disrupts Regent’s Meeting.”
191.
Schwartz, “Code Approval Prompts Protest,” 2.
192.
Steve Knopper, “Nordby Appointed to Gov’t Relations Position,” The Michigan Daily, April 18, 1988, 3.
193.
Amy Smith, “150 Rally, March to Protest Assaults on Gays, Lesbians,” Ann Arbor News, August 10, 1988, 3. Smith counted 150 protesters, while The Michigan Daily report counted “Nearly 300.” Anna Senkevitch, “300 Rally Against Police,” The Michigan Daily, August 12, 1988, 1, 4: 1.
194.
Smith, “150 Rally, March to Protest Assaults on Gays, Lesbians.”
195.
Senkevitch, “300 Rally Against Police,” 1.
196.
Lisa Winer, “LaGROC Organizes Defense Watch,” The Michigan Daily, November 11, 1988, 3.
197.
Winer, “LaGROC Organizes Defense Watch.”
198.
Winer, “LaGROC Organizes Defense Watch.”
199.
LaGROC meeting minutes, March 17, 1988. James W. Toy Papers, Box 16, Folder: Meeting Minutes, 1987–1988. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
200.
Henry Goldblatt, “Students Rally on Diag in Support of Gay, Lesbian Rights,” The Michigan Daily, February 15, 1991, 1.
201.
Heather Fee, “LaGROC Holds Rally on the Diag,” The Michigan Daily, October 12, 1989, 1, 2.
202.
Fee, “LaGROC Holds Rally on the Diag,” 1.
203.
“LaGROC Demands,” The Michigan Daily, October 12, 1989, 2.
204.
Fee, “LaGROC Holds Rally on the Diag.”
205.
Fee, “LaGROC Holds Rally on the Diag,” 1.
206.
Fee, “LaGROC Holds Rally on the Diag,” 1.
207.
OFF The Wall, OSU Gay Alliance Newsletter, Winter 1984. The Ohio State University Archives, Vice-President for Student Services (RG: 9/a/58), “Gay Alliance: A Student Organization: October 3, 1979-May 6, 1982,” Accession 103/96.
208.
Amy Melvin, “Gays Ask For Public’s Support,” Ohio State Lantern, April 29, 1981, 1; Gay Alliance Gay Awareness Week advertisement, not dated. The Ohio State University Archives, Vice President for Student Services (RG: 9/a/58), “Gay Alliance: A Student Organization: October 3, 1979–May 6, 1982,” Accession 103/96.
209.
Gay and Lesbian Alliance at OSU, Calendar of Events, Fall Quarter, 1990. The Ohio State University Archives, Vice President for Student Services, (RG 9/a), Box 2, “Gay/Lesbian/Bi-Sexual Student Services: 1993–1994,” Accession 103/96.
210.
Lynn Echelberger, “Gay Program is Changing,” Ohio State Lantern, November 7, 1989, 3.
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Educational Administration and Higher Education, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
Patrick Dilley

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Dilley, P. (2019). Gay and Lesbian Student Groups Struggle to Serve Campus in the 1980s. In: Gay Liberation to Campus Assimilation. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04645-3_4

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