Student Groups’ Formulation of Gay Liberation Identity in the 1970s: Part I

Dilley, Patrick

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04645-3_2

Patrick Dilley²

493 Accesses

Abstract

The early Midwestern campus gay and lesbian student organizations stemmed from the impetus of Gay Liberation, along with the revolutionary ethos of radical social, student, and anti-war movements of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Although the origins of the college groups were born from revolution, the students involved, and the groups themselves, struggled both to support non-heterosexuals on campus and to challenge the dominant heteronormative paradigm of postsecondary education. This first of two chapters recounts the origins of gay and lesbian student organizing at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the University of Minnesota, the University of Michigan, Indiana University, and the Ohio State University.

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Notes

1.
Rich Cahan, “Borchers hits gay funding,” Daily Illini, May 23, 1973, 7. In 1976, Borchers was convicted in Illinois state court for pilfering from his state-funded legislative account; he died in 1989, his legacy, such as it is, as the founder of the University of Illinois’ racist mascot, Chief Illini. Illinois State University’s Gay People’s Alliance continued into the 2010s, as ISU Pride.
2.
Wisconsin LGBT History Project, History of Gay & Lesbian Life in Milwaukee Wisconsin, Gay Liberation Organization at UWM (GLO-UWM), http://www.mkelgbthist.org/organiz/act_pol/gay-lib-org.htm
3.
“Form Homosexual Freedom League,” UWM Post, February 24, 1970, 2.
4.
Wisconsin LGBT History Project, History of Gay & Lesbian Life in Milwaukee Wisconsin, Gay Liberation Organization at UWM (GLO-UWM), www.mkelgbthist.org/gayliberationfront
5.
Wisconsin LGBT History Project, History of Gay & Lesbian Life in Milwaukee Wisconsin, Gay Liberation Organization at UWM (GLO-UWM), www.mkelgbthist.org/gayliberationfront
6.
Background information on Phelps comes from Koreen Phelps, Interview with Scott Paulsen, November 5, 1993, Twin Cities Gay and Lesbian Community Oral History Project, Minnesota Historical Society, www.collections.mnhs.org, hereafter referred to as “Phelps Interview.”
7.
Phelps Interview, 2.
8.
The University of Minnesota’s Minneapolis campus is bisected by the Mississippi River; the west side is smaller and was slower to be developed; it is also closer to downtown Minneapolis.
9.
Phelps Interview, 3.
10.
Brad Theissen, “Koreen Phelps and Stephen Ihrig Discuss Early Days of Twin Cities Gay/Lesbian Community”, Twin Cities GAZE, July 13, 1989, 10.
11.
Ben Cohen, “Koreen Phelps Fought So Gays Could Live Freely,” Twin Cities Star Tribune, July 22, 2007, B6.
12.
Theissen, “Koreen Phelps and Stephen Ihrig Discuss Early Days of Twin Cities Gay/Lesbian Community.”
13.
“Free universities” were held in many cities, on many campuses; they offered no credit but did address topics and concerns that many students’ curricula did not include, such as gay and lesbian issues.
14.
Phelps Interview, 3.
15.
“The Homosexual in Society” is the title of the course as Koreen Phelps remembered it in an interview in 1994; FREE member Robert Halfhill remembered it as “The Homosexual Revolution,” and that is how it is referred to in a contemporary newspaper account.
16.
Phelps Interview, 4.
17.
S. Jane Albert, “Free U Starts ‘Homosexual Revolution,’” Minnesota Daily, June 20, 1969, 1, 18:18.
18.
Phelps Interview, 17.
19.
Phelps Interview, 5.
20.
Albert, “Free U Starts ‘Homosexual Revolution,’” 18.
21.
Albert, “Free U Starts ‘Homosexual Revolution,’” 18.
22.
Albert, “Free U Starts ‘Homosexual Revolution,’” 18.
23.
Phelps Interview, 10.
24.
Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 57.
25.
“Homosexuals Intend to Integrate ‘U’ Dance,” Minneapolis Star, February 5, 1970, 27.
26.
Kevin P. Murphy, “Gay Was Good,” Twin Cities GLBT Oral History Project, Queer Twin Cities (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2010).
27.
John D. Wrathall, “‘What Are You After?’: A History of Lesbians, Gay Men, Bisexuals, and Transgender People at the Twin Cities Campus of the University of Minnesota, 1969–1993.” Breaking the Silence: Final Report of the Select Committee on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns, University of Minnesota (November 1, 1993), 48–58: 49.
28.
Wrathall, “‘What Are You After?,’” 49.
29.
Lyn Miller, “The Dawn of Gay Liberation in Minnesota,” Stonewall 20: A Generation of Pride, Minneapolis Program, 1989, 7–8, 10–12, 12. Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, Twin Cities (TC) Pride Records, 1973–2014/1989, 1989. University of Minnesota Libraries.
30.
Mike Wolff, “Gay Is Good – Should Be FREE,” Minneapolis Star, November 19, 1969, 1B.
31.
Wolff, “Gay Is Good….”
32.
Wolff, “Gay Is Good….”
33.
Wolff, “Gay Is Good….”
34.
Wolff, “Gay Is Good….”
35.
Miller, “The Dawn of Gay Liberation in Minnesota,” 7.
36.
Robert Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota,” Stonewall 20: A Generation of Pride, Minneapolis Program, 1989, 13. Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, Twin Cities (TC) Pride Records, 1973–2014/1989, 1989. University of Minnesota Libraries.
37.
Jack Baker’s life story, even the portion of his life as president of the Associated Student Government at the University of Michigan, is beyond the scope of this book. For more information on Baker, see Michael McConnell and Jack Baker, with Gail Langer Karwoski, The Wedding Heard ‘Round the World: America’s First Gay Marriage (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2016).
38.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
39.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
40.
Miller, “The Dawn of Gay Liberation in Minnesota,” 8.
41.
Phelps Interview, 5.
42.
Miller, “The Dawn of Gay Liberation in Minnesota,” 8–10.
43.
Miller, “The Dawn of Gay Liberation in Minnesota,” 8.
44.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
45.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
46.
Phelps Interview, 13.
47.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
48.
Phelps Interview, 5.
49.
Phelps Interview, 5.
50.
Phelps Interview, 5.
51.
Phelps Interview, 13.
52.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
53.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
54.
Higgins was remarkable both prior to and after the FREE march against his firing. In 1969, he was the first man granted a presidential conscientious objector draft classification. In 1977, he was the activist who threw a cream pie into Anita Bryant’s face when she brought her anti-gay crusade to Minneapolis. To many, he was an unsung hero of the Gay Rights Movement.
55.
“Firing Protested,” Minneapolis Tribune, February 11, 1970, 33.
56.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
57.
Phelps Interview, 10.
58.
Halfhill, “FREE: The First Gay Liberation Group in Minnesota.”
59.
Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 226.
60.
Phelps Interview, 15; Phelps Interview, 14.
61.
Michael McConnell, with Jack Baker and Gail Langer Karwoski, The Wedding Hear ‘Round the World: America’s First Gay Marriage (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2016).
62.
Phelps Interview, 14.
63.
Phelps Interview, 14.
64.
Theissen, “Koreen Phelps and Stephen Ihrig Discuss Early Days of Twin Cities Gay/Lesbian Community.”
65.
McConnell et al., The Wedding Heard ‘Round the World.
66.
“ACSA removes Baker from office,” Minnesota Daily, February 6, 1973, 1.
67.
Tim Retzloff, “Outcast, Miscast, Recast: A Documentary History of Lesbians and Gay Men at the University of Michigan.” Final Report of the Study Committee on the Status of Lesbians and Gay Men, University of Michigan (1991), 110–134, 115.
68.
“PROPOSED CONSTITUTION FORM.” James W. Toy Papers, Box 15, Gay Liberation Front, Folder: Membership Materials, Bentley Historical Library, The University of Michigan.
69.
Tim Retzloff, “Gay Liberation: When Michigan Tore Out of the Closets and into the Streets” (June 1994), 1. Bentley Historical Library (Non-Circulating, Closed Stacks), EA 186 R441 G285.
70.
James Toy, Interview with Author, September 2002.
71.
Retzloff, “Gay Liberation,” 3.
72.
James W. Toy Papers, Box 15, Gay Liberation Front, Folder: Membership Materials. Bentley Historical Library, The University of Michigan.
73.
James Toy, “Desired under the Elms”: Necessary (and Obvious?) Components of a Lesbigay Agenda for American Colleges and Universities, presented at Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals on Campus: A Symposium on Campus Climate, University of Delaware, 4/22/1994, 1; In James W. Toy Papers, Box 19, Conference Paper, “Desired under the Elms….”.
74.
Jane Bartman and W. E. Schrock, “Gay Lib: Resisting Repression of the Homosexual,” The Michigan Daily, April 12, 1970, 1, 10.
75.
Bartman and Schrock, “Gay Lib: Resisting Repression of the Homosexual.”
76.
Hester Pulling, “‘U’ bans Gay Lib conference,” The Michigan Daily, March 7, 1970, 1.
77.
Pulling, “‘U’ bans Gay Lib conference.”
78.
Pulling, “‘U’ bans Gay Lib conference.”
79.
Pulling, “‘U’ bans Gay Lib conference.”
80.
Retzolf, “Gay Liberation,” 4.
81.
Cited in Gerald Cohen-Vrignaud, “Gay & Proud,” The Michigan Daily, February 12, 1999; online at http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/199/feb/02-12-99/news/news18.html
82.
Dave Chudwin, “Fleming hits ‘U’ disruption,” The Michigan Daily, September 29, 1970, 1.
83.
Hester Pulling, “SGC Okays Gay Lib Conference,” The Michigan Daily, June 17, 1970, 3.
84.
James W. Toy Papers, Box 14, Gay Liberation Front, Meeting Minutes (Various) 1970.
85.
Rich Stanford, “Goals of the Ann Arbor GLF and Organizing Toward Those Goals,” Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, James W. Toy Papers, Box 14, Folder: Gay Liberation Front-General folder. Bentley Historical Library, The University of Michigan.
86.
Stanford, “Goals of the Ann Arbor GLF and Organizing Toward Those Goals.”
87.
Hester Pulling, “GLF, SCG to Demand ‘U’ Permit ‘Gay’ Meeting”, The Michigan Daily, June 3, 1970, 1.
88.
Student Government Council and the Gay Liberation Front, “A Letter to Fleming,” The Michigan Daily, June 11, 1970, 4.
89.
“Fleming: A Second Chance,” The Michigan Daily, June 10, 1970, 8.
90.
Jerry De Grieck, Interview with Author, October 26, 2005.
91.
Hester Pulling, “GLF Proceeds with Plans to Hold Conference at ‘U’,” The Michigan Daily, June 19, 1970, 1.
92.
Pulling, “SGC Okay Gay Lib Conference,” The Michigan Daily, June 17, 1970, 3.
93.
Pulling, “GLF Proceeds with Plans to Hold Conference at ‘U.’”
94.
Pulling, “SGC Okay Gay Lib Conference.”
95.
Pulling, “GLF Proceeds with Plans to Hold Conference at ‘U.’”
96.
Hester Pulling, “SGC Hit Fleming, Demand Gay Conference,” The Michigan Daily, June 11, 1970, 1.
97.
Pulling, “SGC Hit Fleming, Demand Gay Conference.”
98.
Hester Pulling, “Fleming Cites Bad Image for ‘U’ in Gay Lib Case,” The Michigan Daily, June 12, 1970, 1.
99.
Pulling, “Fleming Cites Bad Image for ‘U’ in Gay Lib Case.”
100.
Lindsay Chaney, ‘The People Affected Should Be Involved,’ The Michigan Daily, July 16, 1970, 3, 6, 3.
101.
Debra Thal, “Women’s Liberation, GLF Hold ‘Guerrilla Theatre’, Blast ROTC,” The Michigan Daily, May 28, 1970, 1.
102.
Thal, “Women’s Liberation, GLF Hold ‘Guerrilla Theatre’, Blast ROTC.”
103.
Bill Alterman, “General Manager Bars GLF From Using Union,” The Michigan Daily, July 8, 1970, 1.
104.
Thal, “Women’s Liberation, GLF Hold ‘Guerrilla Theatre’, Blast ROTC.”
105.
Alterman, “General Manager Bars GLF From Using Union.”
106.
Alterman, “General Manager Bars GLF From Using Union.”
107.
Alterman, “General Manager Bars GLF From Using Union.”
108.
Alterman, “General Manager Bars GLF From Using Union.”
109.
Alterman, “Board to Consider Union Ban on GLF,” The Michigan Daily, July 9, 1970, 1.
110.
“Gay Lib Meets in Union, Plans Protest,” The Michigan Daily, July 10, 1970, 1.
111.
Bill Altman, “GLF Uses Union Lounge, Protest Set for Tuesday,” The Michigan Daily, July 10, 1970, 10.
112.
Altman, “GLF Uses Union Lounge, Protest Set for Tuesday.”
113.
James W. Toy Papers, Box 14, Folder: Gay Liberation Front. Bentley Historical Library, The University of Michigan.
114.
Bill Altman, “GLF, Women’s Lib, SDS Protest Union Facility Ban”, The Michigan Daily, July 15, 1970, 3.
115.
Radical Lesbians, “Letter to Editor: Radical Lesbians: Defining Deviance,” The Michigan Daily, October 3, 1970, 4.
116.
Cited in Tim Retzloff, “Gay Liberation: When Michigan Tore Out of the Closets and into the Streets,” 7.
117.
Cited in Tim Retzloff, “Gay Liberation: When Michigan Tore Out of the Closets and into the Streets,” 7.
118.
Martin Hirschman, “Fleming Backing Down on Gay Lib,” The Michigan Daily, August 115, 1970, 1, 8: 1.
119.
Hirschman, “Fleming Backing Down on Gay Lib,” 8.
120.
Hirschman, “Fleming Backing Down on Gay Lib,” 8.
121.
Jerry De Grieck, Interview with Author, October 26, 2005.
122.
Bill Alterman, “Gay Lib Groups Hold State Conference in SAB,” The Michigan Daily, August 18, 1970, 1.
123.
Alterman, “Gay Lib Groups Hold State Conference in SAB.”
124.
Alterman, “Gay Lib Groups Hold State Conference in SAB.”
125.
Alterman, “Gay Lib Groups Hold State Conference in SAB.”
126.
“Regents Uphold ‘U’ Position on GLF,” The Michigan Daily, September 19, 1970, 1, 8: 1.
127.
“Regents Uphold ‘U’ Position on GLF,” 8.
128.
“Regents Uphold ‘U’ Position on GLF,” 8.
129.
Tammy Jacobs, “GLF, ‘U’ Continue to Dispute Over Site of Meeting on Homosexuality,” The Michigan Daily, October 20, 1970, 1, 8: 8.
130.
Jacobs, “GLF, ‘U’ Continue to Dispute Over Site of Meeting on Homosexuality.”
131.
Geri Sprung, “OSS Rebuffs ‘U’ on GLF Meeting,” The Michigan Daily, October 27, 1970, 1, 7.
132.
Sprung, “OSS Rebuffs ‘U’ on GLF Meeting.”
133.
“Standing firm on equal rights for homosexuals,” The Michigan Daily, October 28, 1970, 4.
134.
In 2005, Jerry De Grieck stated that he had good working relationships with some of Fleming’s staff, noting particularly Knauss, with whom De Grieck said he remained in contact. Jerry De Grieck, Interview with Author, 10/26/2005.
135.
Zach Schiller, “GLF Holds First Meeting of Term, Postpones Action on Conference,” The Michigan Daily, February 8, 1971, 1.
136.
Jan Benedetti, “Gay Advocates Named to New OSSP Offices,” The Michigan Daily, December 10, 1971, 1, 8.
137.
Tom Carey, Lynn Lambuth and Achy Obejas, “Gay Guide,” Indiana Daily Student, November 28, 1978, A7.
138.
Wilson E. Allen to Carol Fischer, email, April 22, 2003. Provided to author.
139.
Wilson E. Allen to Carol Fischer, email, April 22, 2003. Provided to author.
140.
1974 Arbutus, Indiana University Yearbook, 108–109, 109.
141.
Carey et al., “Gay Guide.”
142.
Marilyn Moore, “Lesbian Group Plans Class, Activities,” Indiana Daily Student, February 5, 1976, 6.
143.
Moore, “Lesbian Group Plans Class, Activities.”
144.
Carey et al., “Gay Guide.”
145.
Carey et al., “Gay Guide.”
146.
Carey et al., “Gay Guide.”
147.
Carey et al., “Gay Guide.”
148.
Dan Strang to Dear Fellow Hoosier, February 6, 1974. In Indiana University Archives, Indiana University President’s Office records, 1963–1990, Box 124, Gay Awareness Conferences, 1974–1976.
149.
John Struble to Dear Gay Sisters and Brothers, February 1, 1974. In Indiana University Archives, Indiana University President’s Office records, 1963–1990, Box 124, Gay Awareness Conferences, 1974–1976.
150.
James E. Keeler to John W. Ryan, October 30, 1975. In Indiana University Archives, Indiana University President’s Office records, 1963–1990, Box 124, Gay Awareness Conferences, 1974–1976.
151.
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John W. Ryan to James E. Keeler, November 5, 1975. In Indiana University Archives, Indiana University President’s Office records, 1963–1990, Box 124, Gay Awareness Conferences, 1974–1976.
153.
Bobby Knight, long-time basketball coach at Indiana University, was frequently in the press for his court-side antics, foul language, and bullying behavior.
154.
John E. Scott to John W. Ryan, letter by special delivery, 2/10/76. In Indiana University Archives, Indiana University President’s Office records, 1963–1990, Box 124, Gay Awareness Conferences, 1974–1976.
155.
John W. Ryan to John E. Scott, 2/21/76. In Indiana University Archives, Indiana University President’s Office records, 1963–1990, Box 124, Gay Awareness Conferences, 1974–1976.
156.
Bill Kapp, “Gay Liberation Is Here to Stay: Finding a Consciousness,” The Daily Iowan, October 27, 1970, 8.
157.
Alan Kinsey, “Gay Lib at UI,” The Daily Iowan, August 26, 1975, 7, 11: 7.
158.
Kapp, “Gay Liberation Is Here to Stay.”
159.
Kapp, “Gay Liberation Is Here to Stay.”
160.
Brenan Lemon, “Going Public – Early Days in Gay History,” The Daily Iowan, June 19, 1978, 1, 2: 1.
161.
Lemon, “Going Public – Early Days in Gay History.”
162.
Lemon, “Going Public – Early Days in Gay History.”
163.
Bill Kapp, “Reporters Attend a GLF Meeting,” The Daily Iowan, October 29, 1970, 4.
164.
Bill Kapp, “Gay Socials: ‘An Experience, A True Idea’,” The Daily Iowan, October 18, 1970, 4.
165.
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166.
Lemon, “Going Public – Early Days in Gay History.”
167.
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168.
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169.
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170.
Brendan Lemon, “Gay Movement Slows with Demise of Protest Era,” The Daily Iowan, June 20, 1978, 1, 5: 1.
171.
Lemon, “Gay Movement Slows with Demise of Protest Era,” 5.
172.
Lemon, “Gay Movement Slows with Demise of Protest Era,” 1.
173.
Blake, “Gay Lesbian Bisexual Activity at the University of Iowa.”
174.
See Margaret Cruikshank, The Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement (New York: Routledge, 1992); Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015); and Karla Jay, Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation (New York: Basic Books, 1999), among others.
175.
Michael Blake, Interview with Author, April 26, 2008.
176.
Michael Blake, Interview with Author, April 26, 2008.
177.
Blake, “Gay Lesbian Bisexual Activity at the University of Iowa.”
178.
John T. Taylor to Jim Kepner, April 7, 1971. Jim Kepner Papers, Coll 2011.002, Series 8: Correspondence, ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the USC Libraries, University of Southern California.
179.
John T. Taylor to Jim Kepner, April 7, 1971.
180.
John T. Taylor to Jim Kepner, April 7, 1971.
181.
Daniel Herzog, “Living Gay in Rural Illinois,” Weekly Gazette (Philadelphia), December 10, 1976, 2, 7.
182.
Herzog, “Living Gay in Rural Illinois,” 7.
183.
Herzog, “Living Gay in Rural Illinois,” 7.
184.
“SGL Builds Identity,” Focus, February 1976, No. 12, 32.
185.
“SGL Builds Identity.”
186.
Jim Andris, August 4, 2011, http://jandris.ipage.com/history/h74.0.html. In 1974, Andris was an assistant professor of education at SIUE, where he eventually retired as professor emeritus of Educational Foundations. His memories and transcriptions of the relevant articles from SIUE’s campus newspaper, the Arestle, I draw upon for this section. Alas, his site does not list the page number for the articles from the newspaper.
187.
“Gay Lib Controversy,” Focus, No. 8 (October 1, 1974), 46–47.
188.
Lynn Taylor, “Gay Lib Members Find Hostility During Dialogue,” Arestle, May 1, 1974.
189.
“Oppression of Rights Supported by Most Dialog Participants,” Arestle, May 1, 1974.
190.
“Oppression of Rights Supported by Most Dialog Participants.”
191.
“Oppression of Rights Supported by Most Dialog Participants.”
192.
Gary Sohl, “Gay Awareness Week Successful, According to Whitsell,” Arestle, May 9, 1974.
193.
Marc Scarpinato, “Frank Barker: ‘Rapping’ About Gay Lib,” Focus, No. 6, March 1974, 50–54.
194.
Sohl, “Gay Awareness Week Successful, According to Whitsell.”
195.
“SGL Builds Identity,” Focus, Feb 1976, No. 12, 32.
196.
The Gay Liberation Front, “Gay Lib Speaks for Selves,” Ohio State Lantern, February 26, 1971, 4.
197.
Dianne Dixon, “Gay Liberation Promoted,” Ohio State Lantern, May 17, 1971, 8.
198.
Robert Little, “Gay Rally Held Sans Permit,” Ohio State Lantern, July 26, 1971, 2.
199.
Stephan Brice, “Gay Lib: New Name and Policies,” Ohio State Lantern, October 28, 1971, 2.
200.
Mike Balduf, “Gay Activists Describe Alleged Discrimination,” Ohio State Lantern, January 26, 1972, 4.
201.
Balduf, “Gay Activists Describe Alleged Discrimination.”
202.
“Three GAA Members Found Guilty of Violating Ordinance,” Ohio State Lantern, March 3, 1972, 13.
203.
Balduf, “Gay Activists Describe Alleged Discrimination.”
204.
“Three GAA Members Found Guilty of Violating Ordinance.”
205.
“Three GAA Members Found Guilty of Violating Ordinance.”
206.
Amy Melvin, “Gays Ask For Public’s Support,” Ohio State Lantern, April 29, 1981, 2.
207.
Gary Gorman, “Committee Says Police Mistakes Not Official Policy,” Ohio State Lantern, May 5, 1976, 1.
208.
A. C. DiFranco, “Gays Protest Impersonation Arrests,” Ohio State Lantern, October 13, 1972, 1.
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DiFranco, “Gays Protest Impersonation Arrests.”
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DiFranco, “Gays Protest Impersonation Arrests.”
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Elizabeth Vuchnich, “OSU Lesbian Works for Acceptance,” Ohio State Lantern, April 4, 1972, 7.
214.
Vuchnich, “OSU Lesbian Works for Acceptance.”
215.
Vuchnich, “OSU Lesbian Works for Acceptance.”
216.
Vuchnich, “OSU Lesbian Works for Acceptance.”
217.
Vuchnich, “OSU Lesbian Works for Acceptance.”
218.
Laura Diesing, “Two More Enter USG Race,” Ohio State Lantern, April 6, 1972, 1.
219.
Tim Bryan, “Rock Band Performs on Oval,” Ohio State Lantern, April 12, 1972, 1.
220.
“Coalition Wins in Top Turnout,” Ohio State Lantern, April 13, 1972, 1.
221.
Dale J. Gurvis, “Lesbians Extend Peer Counseling,” Ohio State Lantern, March 29, 1975, 4.
222.
Vivian Freezman, “Gay Week Promotes Pride, Unity,” Ohio State Lantern, March 16, 1972, 3.
223.
Freezman, “Gay Week Promotes Pride, Unity.”
224.
Amy Melvin, “Gays Ask For Public’s Support,” Ohio State Lantern, April 29, 1981, 2.
225.
Joyce Tracewell, “GAA Provides Stepping Stone for Homosexuals ‘Coming Out,’” Ohio State Lantern, January 12, 1975, 10.
226.
Dale Gurvis, “Gay Activists Seek Equality,” Ohio State Lantern, April 21, 1975, 10.

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Educational Administration and Higher Education, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Dilley, P. (2019). Student Groups’ Formulation of Gay Liberation Identity in the 1970s: Part I. In: Gay Liberation to Campus Assimilation. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04645-3_2

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