Abstract
Two early Examples of Central Heating Systems in France during the nineteenth century Emmanuelle Gallo Abstract In that paper, two case studies of heating history are detailed: the French stock exchange building in Paris the Palais Brongniart (1808–1826) and the Lariboisière hospital (1846–1854). With the first case, it was an opportunity to realize a diachronic approach, the evolution of several heating system and energy consumption in that very special program, from the first steam system in the country to the Parisian’s district heating network since 1947. With the second case, we explained how a competition between two systems moved a building in use into a research laboratory with two different heat transfer fluid and two ventilation devices settled in the two opposite wings of the hospital. With those two cases, archive studies allowed to discovered new data on all sorts of energy used for heating and lighting since 1805 and their prices during the centuries. A new research program was the result of these investigations.
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Notes
- 1.
This iron frame glass roof, with a rectangular-shape is the second one in France of this size after the “Halle à Blé” iron frame. It is still in place and function.
- 2.
We ignore what Brongniart have planned for the thermal comfort of the stock exchange’s building, especially for the large room, because he died when the building site was at still the foundation’s level. We may imagine that he could have planned something innovative. His son was at that time, a well known chemist directing the famous “Manufacture de Sévres”, the Royal ceramics factory near Paris. That means that the Brongniart family had knowledge about heat production and regulation, ovens and boilers.
- 3.
Atlas 549.
- 4.
Tabb. 359–360.
- 5.
Tab. 117.
- 6.
We cannot be sure that this inner facade was existing as on the designs because it had been destroyed in 1903, when two wings were added to the building. Anyway, the idea to use decoration to distribute steam was very innovative.
- 7.
Atlas 549, archives de Paris and plans of the Bourse (before in a local archives, ares now unsorted in the Archives de Paris).
- 8.
Joseph-François Désarnod was an architect in Lyon when he tried to manufacture the Benjamin Franklin stove, in France. With this experience and some inventions he became one of the first warm air stoves and “calorifères” inventors in the country in the early nineteenth century. The de Gernon’s widow succeeded Désarnod after his death and run the “manufacture royale en 1789 de Calorifères et Foyers salubres et économiques, 67 cour et passage des petites écuries faubourg poissonnière”. At first, Charles Gourlier has ordered several big warm air stoves to Désarnod. But with the choice of steam heating, some large stoves were kept in stock. So, de Gernon’s widow rioted because it was not easy to sell those big stoves to usual buyers. I found letters written by Charles Gourlier to the architects in charge of all the public buildings in Paris in order to find a place to adopt those abnormally huge stoves. Finally, they went to the Ecole des beaux-arts and in the Halle à vins, AN F/13/961.
- 9.
P. 209.
- 10.
All the data may have been collected by the town, because the booklet is located in the Archives de Paris, AP VM27, box 9. The heating was usually started in October and stopped in April, as we do know.
- 11.
He had obtained the Prix de Rome in 1810 and taught at the Ecole Polytechnique succeeding to J. N. L. Durand.
- 12.
The Léon Duvoir-Leblanc firm was well known for hot water heating systems named calorifères invented previously by Jean Simon Bonnemain (1743–1830), 24 rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs in Paris.
- 13.
Both teams were fighting and the contributors wrote a lot of papers, mostly published in medical journals, and even a PhD on the topic. The debate lasted almost fifteen years; it slowed down with a deadly explosion that occurred in the Saint-Sulpice church in 1858, with a hot water system. Finally, the warm air heating won because hot water or steam could explode anyway; so they were not considered safe enough for public buildings.
- 14.
Pp. 42–43.
- 15.
Those archives have so many amazing data! For a while, during the nineteenth century in France, theatres had to pay taxes for the hospitals. So if you want to know how many people were going to a show you could know it through the APHP archives.
- 16.
Those investigations took place in the project “Des profondeurs des caves à la canopée, histoire et prospectives des politiques énergétiques d’une capitale économe 1770–2050” or “From the depth of the Cellar to the Canopy, History and Prospective of the Energy Policy of Thrifty capital 1770–2050”. I was directing the research team HPCE in charge of this issue, a winning contribution of the IMR Ignis Mutat Res call 2011.
References
Archives Nationales (AN) F/13/961
Archives de Paris (AP), VM27, box 9
Atlas 549, Archives de Paris
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Gallo, E. (2019). Two Early Examples of Central Heating Systems in France During the 19th Century. In: Manfredi, C. (eds) Addressing the Climate in Modern Age's Construction History. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04465-7_4
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