Skip to main content

Angry Young Men: Interpersonal Formulation of Anger to Effect Change

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health

Abstract

Young men frequently experience difficulties managing anger, but often receive very little effective help. In this chapter, we explore the reasons for this presentation, before outlining a model of problematic anger, based on emotion science and interpersonal psychology, which offers angry young men an opportunity to better understand their anger and bring about positive change. Angry feelings are seen as underpinned by underlying vulnerable feelings (e.g. feeling undermined or devalued), with angry expression an attempt to escape or manage such feelings. We argue that these strategies can serve to either reinforce the anger or leave it unresolved, so can become a trap for young men. We use this formulation to outline options for treatment and include illustrative case material.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aristotle. (1954). Rhetoric (W. R. Roberts, Trans.). New York: Modern Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster, P., Sukhodolsky, D., & Michalsen, R. (2004). The impact of managed care on children’s outpatient treatment: A comparison study of treatment outcome before and after managed care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,74(1), 5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aslund, C., Starrin, B., Leppert, J., & Nilsson, K. W. (2009). Social status and shaming experiences related to adolescent overt aggression at school. Aggressive Behaviour,35(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion,4(2), 107–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boiling point: Problem anger and what we can do about it. (2008). London: Mental Health Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, L. R. (1996). Gender, emotional expression and parent-child boundaries. In R. D. Kavanaugh, B. Zimmerberg, & S.Fein (Eds.), Emotion: Interdisciplinary perspectives (p. 139–170). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,28(6), 724–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(1), 17–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., Pedersen, W. C., Vasquez, E. A., & Miller, N. (2005). Chewing on it can chew you up: Effects of rumination on triggered displaced aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,88(6), 969–983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy,44(4), 585–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. The American Journal of Psychology,39, 106–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, P. J., Goldman, J. S., & Kugler, K. (2009). Emotional intractability: Gender, anger, aggression and rumination in conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management,20(2), 113–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, D. F., Steingard, R. J., Cunningham, J. A., Anderson, J. J., & Melloni, R. H. (2004). Proactive and reactive aggression in referred children and adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,74(2), 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Currie, M. (2008). The doing anger differently manual: A school group work manual for talking about aggression. Australia: Melbourne University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, A., Mohr, P., Howells, K., Gerace, A., & Lim, L. (2012). The role of empathy in anger arousal in violent offenders and university students. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology,56(4), 599–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dearing, R. L., & Tangney, J. P. (2011). Shame in the therapy hour. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • DiGiuseppe, R., & Tafrate, R. C. (2007). Understanding anger disorders. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, A. (2010). Understanding and treating unwanted trauma memories in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychology,218(2), 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry,9(4), 241–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2011). Bullying in North American schools (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, E., & Andrews, B. (2009). Shameless yet angry: Shame and its relationship to anger in male young offenders and undergraduate controls. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology,20(1), 48–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., & Spira, A. P. (2003). Emotional avoidance: An experimental test of individual differences and response suppression using biological challenge. Behavioural Research and Therapy,41(4), 403–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, T. J., Eyre, H. L., & Ashbaker, M. (2000). Unwanted identities: A key variable in shame–Anger links and gender differences in shame. Sex Roles,42(3), 133–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D., & Thelen, M. H. (1988). Children’s expected interpersonal consequences of communicating their affective state and reported likelihood of expression. Child Development,59(5), 1314–1322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, P. (1998). What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behaviour, psychopathology and culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, J. (1996). Violence: Reflections on a national epidemic. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). On the relationship of frontal brain activity and anger: Examining the role of attitude toward anger. Cognition and Emotion,18(3), 337–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, F. W., Austin, A. G., Cercone, J. J., & Arias, I. (2005). The role of shame, anger and affect regulation in men’s perpetration of psychological abuse in dating relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,20(12), 1648–1662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, L. K., Berg, J. M., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Latzman, R. D. (2016). Parsing the heterogeneity of psychopathy and aggression: Differential associations across dimensions and gender. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research and Treatment,7(1), 2–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howells, L. (2018). Cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescents and young adults: An emotion regulation approach. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hundt, N. E., & Holohan, D. R. (2012). The role of shame in distinguishing perpetrators of intimate partner violence in US veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress,25(2), 191–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, R. E., Garrod, O. G., & Schyns, P. G. (2014). Dynamic facial expressions of emotion transmit an evolving hierarchy of signals over time. Current Biology,24(2), 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jakupcak, M. (2003). Masculine gender role stress and men’s fear of emotions as predictors of self-reported aggression and violence. Violence and Victims,18(5), 533–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jakupcak, M., & Tull, M. T. (2005). Effects of trauma exposure on anger, aggression and violence in a non-clinical sample of men. Violence and Victims,20(5), 589–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakupcak, M., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2005). Masculinity, shame, and fear of emotions as predictors of men’s expressions of anger and hostility. Psychology of Men and Masculinity,6(4), 275–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, G. (1996). The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Coccaro, E. F., Fava, M., Jaeger, S., Jin, R., & Walters, E. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry,63(6), 669–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuebli, J., & Fivush, R. (1992). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions. Sex Roles,27, 11–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lachmund, E., DiGiuseppe, R., & Fuller, J. R. (2005). Clinicians’ diagnosis of a case with anger problems. Journal of Psychiatric Research,39(4), 439–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, K. T., Frazer, N. L., & Semenchuk, E. M. (1996). Physiological, affective and behavioural responses to interpersonal conflict among males from families with different levels of cohesion and adaptability. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment,18(3), 239–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, K. T., Frazer, N. L., & Wheat, A. L. (2011). Responses to interpersonal conflict among young adults: Influence of family of origin. Personal Relationships,18(4), 657–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. H., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2017). Anger and aggression treatments: A review of meta-analyses. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 65–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic Review,58(3), 419–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. (1992). Shame: The exposed self. New York: Free press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutwak, N., & Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Moral affect and cognitive processes: Differentiating shame from guilt among men and women. Personality and Individual Differences,21(6), 891–896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutwak, N., Panish, J. B., Ferrari, J. R., & Razzino, B. E. (2001). Shame and guilt and their relationship to positive expectations and anger expressiveness. Adolescence,36(144), 641–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. S. (1985). The shame experience. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of family systems. Journal of Family Therapy,22(2), 144–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padesky, C. A. (1994). Schema change processes in cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,1(5), 267–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman, A., Krysinska, K., Osborn, D., & King, M. (2012). Suicide 2: Suicide in young men. The Lancet,379(9834), 2383–2392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rand, J. E. (2004). The relationship of perpetration of wife abuse to husbands’ internalised shame and their perceptions of autonomy and intimacy in marriage. Dissertation Abstracts International,64(11), 5798.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74(3), 790–803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, A., & Kerr, I. (2002). Introducing cognitive analytic therapy: Principles and practice. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Scheff, T. J., & Retzinger, S. M. (1991). Emotions and violence: Shame and rage in destructive conflicts. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenk, R. U., & Everingham, J. (1995). Men healing shame: An anthology. New York, USA: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R., & Wallbott, H. G. (1994). Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,66(2), 310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenleber, M., Sippel, L. M., Jakupcak, M., & Tull, M. T. (2015). Role of trait shame in the association between post-traumatic stress and aggression among men with a history of interpersonal trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy,7(1), 43–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70(6), 1256–1269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker-Ladd, C. (1996). Psychological self-help. Clayton Tucker-Ladd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tull, M. T., Jakupcak, M., Paulson, A., & Gratz, K. L. (2007). The role of emotional inexpressivity and experiential avoidance in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and aggressive behaviour among men exposed to interpersonal violence. Anxiety Stress and Coping,20(4), 337–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yousaf, O., Grunfeld, E. A., & Hunter, M. S. (2015). A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men. Health Psychology Review,9(2), 264–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., & Barrett, K. C. (1991). Guilt and empathy: Sex differences and implications for the development of depression. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn-Wexler, C., & Robinson, J. (1995). Empathy and guilt: Early origins of feelings of responsibility. In K. Fisher & J. Tangney (Eds.), Self-Conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zlomke, K. R., & Hahn, K. S. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: Gender differences and associations to worry. Personality and Individual Differences,48(4), 408–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Cairns .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cairns, P., Howells, L. (2019). Angry Young Men: Interpersonal Formulation of Anger to Effect Change. In: Barry, J.A., Kingerlee, R., Seager, M., Sullivan, L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04384-1_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics