Abstract
This article proposes that ‘responsive’ masculinity provides a more accurate description of male behaviour than ‘hegemonic’ masculinity. This becomes apparent if we look at the provider role which can be seen as an expression of male responsiveness to female ‘need’. It is suggested that male responsiveness is an evolved trait. It is manifested in the higher levels of empathy which males have for females which are partly stimulated by greater female emotional expressivity. The provider role facilitates reproduction by encouraging males to engage in provisioning activities in response to female preferences. Once men reproduce the provisioning role acts to tie them into families, encourage attachment through the experience of having others dependent on them and kickstarts neuroendocrine responses through pairbonding and fatherhood. As an expression of male responsive behaviour and a catalyst for further nurturing behaviour, the provider role is seen as the cornerstone on which fathering is built.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
This theory has been developed in detail by William Collins in his online article on emotion and the pairbond: http://empathygap.uk/?p=1396.
- 2.
This idea is further developed in Dench (2011), Transforming Men, Transaction.
References
Barletta, M. (2003). Marketing to women: How to understand, reach, and increase your share of the world’s largest market segment. Dearborn Trade Publishing.
Belsky, J., Gilstrap, B., & Rovine, M. (1984). The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, I: Stability and change in mother-infant and father-infant interaction in a family setting at one, three, and nine months. Child Development, 692–705.
Bernard, J. (1981). The good-provider role: Its rise and fall. American Psychologist,36(1), 1.
Bernhardt, E. M., & Goldscheider, F. K. (2001). Men, resources, and family living: The determinants of union and parental status in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Marriage and Family,63(3), 793–803.
Bernhardt, E., & Goldscheider, F. (2006). Gender equality, parenthood attitudes, and first births in Sweden. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 4, 19–39. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23025476.
Bryan, D. M. (2013). To parent or provide? The effect of the provider role on low-income men’s decisions about fatherhood and paternal engagement. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers,11(1), 71–89.
Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development,53, 413–425.
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,12(1), 1–14.
Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K., Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Larsen, R. J. (2001). A half century of mate preferences: The cultural evolution of values. Journal of Marriage and Family,63(2), 491–503.
Cazenave, N. (1979). Middle-income Black fathers: An analysis of the provider role. The Family Coordinator, 28(4), 583–593.
Charles, K. K., & Stephens, M., Jr. (2004). Job displacement, disability, and divorce. Journal of Labor Economics,22(2), 489–522.
Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity.
Darwin, C. (1888). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex (vol. 1). Murray.
De Henau, J., & Himmelweit, S. (2013). Unpacking within-household gender differences in partners’ subjective benefits from household income. Journal of Marriage and Family,75(3), 611–624.
de Linde Leonard, M., & Stanley, T. D. (2015). Married with children: What remains when observable biases are removed from the reported male marriage wage premium. Labour Economics,33, 72–80.
Dench, G. (2011). The place of men: Changing family culture in Britain. London: The Hera Trust.
Dench, G. (2017). What women want: Evidence from British Social Attitudes. New York and Oxon: Routledge.
Dwyer, P. D., & Minnegal, M. (1993). Are kubo hunters ‘show offs’? Evolution and Human Behavior,14(1), 53–70.
Ellis, L. (2011). Identifying and explaining apparent universal sex differences in cognition and behavior. Personality and Individual Differences,51(5), 552–561.
Endresen, I. M., & Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In A. C. Bohart & D. J. Stipek (Eds.), Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, & society (pp. 147–165). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Troyer, D., & Switzer, G. (1994). The relations of children’s emotion regulation to their vicarious emotional responses and comforting behaviors. Child Development,65(6), 1678–1693.
Farrell, W., & Gray, J. (2018). The boy crisis: Why our boys are struggling and what we can do about it. Dallas, TX: Benbella.
FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., Navrady, L., Tedeschi, E., & Mobbs, D. (2016). Moral chivalry: Gender and harm sensitivity predict costly altruism. Social Psychological and Personality Science,7(6), 542–551.
Fessler, D. M. (2010). Madmen: An evolutionary perspective on anger and men’s violent responses to transgression. In International handbook of anger (pp. 361–381). New York, NY: Springer.
Finkel, E. J., & Eastwick, P. W. (2015). Attachment and pairbonding. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,3, 7–11.
Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. American Psychological Association.
Geary, D. C. (2000). Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment. Psychological Bulletin,126(1), 55.
Gettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., Feranil, A. B., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2011). Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201105403.
Gray, P. B., & Anderson, K. G. (2010). Fatherhood: Evolution and human paternal behavior. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press.
Gunelius, S. (2010). Women making economic strides and not slowing down. Forbes.https://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2010/07/28/women-making-economic-strides-and-not-slowing-down/#3b3734f22750. Last accessed 27 August 2018.
HM Revenue and Customs. (2016). UK Income Tax Liabilities Statistics 2013–14 Survey of Personal Incomes, with projections to 2016–17 Includes Tables 2.1 to 2.7.
Hofferth, S. L., & Goldscheider, F. (2010). Does change in young men’s employment influence fathering? Family Relations,59(4), 479–493.
Hrdy, S. B. (1999). Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. London: Chatto & Windus.
Jalovaara, M. (2013). Socioeconomic resources and the dissolution of cohabitations and marriages. European Journal of Population [Revue Européenne de Démographie], 29(2), 167–193.
Kanji, S., & Schober, P. (2014). Are couples with young children more likely to split up when the mother is the main or an equal earner? Sociology,48(1), 38–58.
Ketterson, E. D., & Nolan, V., Jr. (1999). Adaptation, exaptation, and constraint: A hormonal perspective. The American Naturalist,154(S1), S4–S25.
Killewald, A. (2013). A reconsideration of the fatherhood premium. American Sociological Review, 78(1), 96–116.
Killewald, A., & Gough, M. (2013). Does specialization explain marriage penalties and premiums? American Sociological Review,78(3), 477–502.
Kimmel, M. (2017). Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era (p. xiv). UK: Hachette.
Kimmel, M., & Wade, L. (2018). Ask a Feminist: Michael Kimmel and Lisa Wade Discuss Toxic Masculinity. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society,44(1), 233–254.
Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74(3), 686.
Lamb, M. E., Frodi, A. M., Hwang, C. P., & Frodi, M. (1982). Varying degrees of paternal involvement in infant care: Attitudinal and behavioral correlates. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), Nontraditional families: Parenting and child development (pp. 117–137). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lennon, R., & Eisenberg, N. (1987). Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 195–217). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lerman, R. I., & Wilcox, W. B. (2014). For richer, for poorer: How family structures economic success in America. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
Levant, R. F. (1996). The new psychology of men. Professional psychology: Research and practice,27(3), 259.
Lieberman, D. (2014). The story of the human body: Evolution, health, and disease. Penguin.
Marlowe, F. (2000). Paternal investment and the human mating system. Behavioural Processes,51(1–3), 45–61.
Marlowe, F. (2001). Male contribution to diet and female reproductive success among foragers. Current Anthropology,42(5), 755–759.
Matsumoto, D. (2009). The origin of universal human emotions. San Francisco: San Francisco State University.
Mincy, R. B., Grossbard, S., & Huang, C. C. (2005, June). An economic analysis of co-parenting choices: Single parent, visiting father, cohabitation, marriage. European Society for Population Economics. Paris.
Norman, H., & Elliot, M. (2015). Measuring paternal involvement in childcare and housework. Sociological Research Online,20(2), 1–18.
Oliffe, J. L., Han, C. S., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Phillips, J. C., & Roy, P. (2011). Suicide from the perspectives of older men who experience depression: A gender analysis. American Journal of Men’s Health,5(5), 444–454.
Olweus, D., & Endresen, I. M. (1998). The importance of sex-of-stimulus object: Age trends and sex differences in empathic responsiveness. Social Development,7(3), 370–388.
Pahl, J. (1995). His money, her money: Recent research on financial organisation in marriage. Journal of Economic Psychology,16(3), 361–376.
Real, T. (1998). I don’t want to talk about it: Overcoming the secret legacy of male depression. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist,55(1), 68.
Sayer, L. C., England, P., Allison, P. D., & Kangas, N. (2011). She left, he left: How employment and satisfaction affect women’s and men’s decisions to leave marriages. American Journal of Sociology,116(6), 1982–2018.
Scarantino, A. (2017). How to do things with emotional expressions: The theory of affective pragmatics. Psychological Inquiry,28(2–3), 165–185.
Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior,29(1), 1–18.
Smock, P. J., Manning, W. D., & Porter, M. (2005). “Everything’s there except money”: How money shapes decisions to marry among cohabitors. Journal of Marriage and Family,67(3), 680–696.
Stewart-Williams, S., & Thomas, A. G. (2013). The ape that thought it was a peacock: Does evolutionary psychology exaggerate human sex differences? Psychological Inquiry,24(3), 137–168.
Stuijfzand, S., De Wied, M., Kempes, M., Van de Graaff, J., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2016). Gender differences in empathic sadness towards persons of the same-versus other-sex during adolescence. Sex roles,75(9–10), 434–446.
Van Creveld, M. (2013). The privileged sex. DLVC Enterprises.
Waynforth, D. (1999). Differences in time use for mating and nepotistic effort as a function of male attractiveness in rural Belize. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20(1), 19–28.
Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1997). Depressed mothers and infants: Failure to form dyadic states of consciousness. In L. Murray & P. J. Cooper (Eds.), Postpartum depression and child development (pp. 54–81). New York: Guilford Press.
Wood, A., Downer, K., Lees, B., & Toberman, A. (2012). Household financial decision making: Qualitative research with couples. Department for Work and Pensions Research Report,805. London: DWP.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brown, B. (2019). From Hegemonic to Responsive Masculinity: The Transformative Power of the Provider Role. In: Barry, J.A., Kingerlee, R., Seager, M., Sullivan, L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04384-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04384-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04383-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04384-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)