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Pioneer Islamic Economics and Banking Experience in Tsarist Russia

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Islamic Finance in Europe

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Abstract

Muslims in Tsarist Russia played a pioneering role in establishing Islamic economics and banking. The Tatar scholars ensured a profound reflection on Islamic economics. Tatar Islamic press also contributed to the diffusion of Islamic economics awareness and appealed to Muslims to enhance the economy, to develop industry and financial institutions, and to prohibit ribā. Their efforts led to the appearance of the first known journal, named Iqtisad, dedicated to the Islamic economy. This journal presented the first use of the idea of “Islamic Bank”. Tatar theologians used the mutual banks prototype to launch Islamic banking activity, as was the case of the mutual bank of the city of Samara. Sources mention that an Islamic bank was established in 1912 in St. Petersburg.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Abdelqadir al-Mijāwī & ʿUmar Brīhmāt: Al-Mirṣād, reedited by Abdelrazzak Belabes, Center of scientific publications, King Abdelaziz University, 2014.

  2. 2.

    Melina Delkic: “Putin says Islamic Schools can help stop destructive ideas”, online on:

    https://www.newsweek.com/putin-pledges-support-islamic-schools-russia-791561 (seen on June 2018).

  3. 3.

    Vladislav Davidzon: “Why Russia is no place to be Charli”, online on: https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/188502/why-russia-is-no-place-to-be-charlie (seen on June 2018).

  4. 4.

    Despite being published in Tatar with Arabic script, the magazine constantly uses the notion of “Russian Muslims” and “Muslim”, and almost never the word “Tatar”, neither as a noun nor as an adjective.

  5. 5.

    Azamatov, Danil: “The Muftis of the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly in the 18th and 19th Centuries: The Struggle for Power in Russia’s Muslim Institution”, in Anke von Kugelgen; Michael Kemper; Allen J. Frank, Muslim culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, 1998, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, pp. 355–384.

  6. 6.

    Imogen Bell: Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003, Europa Publications, 3rd edition 2002, p. 47.

  7. 7.

    Ibidem.

  8. 8.

    Shireen Tahmasseb Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili: Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. Routledge, 2004, p. 3

  9. 9.

    Ibidem.

  10. 10.

    Mako, Gerald: “The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered”, in Archivum Eurasiae Medii AEVI. 18 (2011), pp. 199–223, see p. 208.

  11. 11.

    Shireen Tahmasseb Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili: “Islam in Russia”, Routledge, 2004.

  12. 12.

    Solovyov: History of Russia from the Earliest Times. AST. 2001, pp. 751–809.

  13. 13.

    Frank, Allen J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910, Vol. 35. Brill, 2001.

  14. 14.

    Hunter, Shireen: Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security, Routledge, 2004, p. 14.

  15. 15.

    Ibidem, p. 14.

  16. 16.

    Farah, Caesar: Islam: Beliefs and Observances, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., 5th édition, 1994, p. 304.

  17. 17.

    Allen J. Frank: Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910, BRILL, 2001, p. 87.

  18. 18.

    Ibidem, p. 122.

  19. 19.

    John R. Elting: Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon’s Grande Armée, Perseus Books Group, 1997, p. 237.

  20. 20.

    Dominic Lieven: Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace, Penguin Publishing Group. 2010, p. 504.

  21. 21.

    A. G. Bulatov. Laktsy (XIXe-début du XXe siècle). Essais historiques et ethnographiques, Makhachkala, 2000.

  22. 22.

    Shireen Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili: Islam in Russia, op. cit.

  23. 23.

    Andrew D. W. Forbes: Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 16.

  24. 24.

    For more details, see: I.A. Zaripov, M.A. Safarov: Akhmetzyan Mustafin: Extrait de l’histoire de l’islam en URSS, Medina, Moscou, 2017.

  25. 25.

    Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities, Russian Federation, Среда (Sreda). 2012, realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ).

  26. 26.

    Ibidem.

  27. 27.

    Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities, Russian Federation, op cit.

  28. 28.

    I. Zaripov: “Review of publications of Tatar theologians on the Islamic economy”, Journal of the Russian Islamic Institute “Minbar”, 2011, N°1 (7), pp. 33–44.

  29. 29.

    Ibidem.

  30. 30.

    I. Zapirov: ““Iqtisad” – The first Russian magazine on Islamic Economics”, ФИЛОЛОГИЯ И КУЛЬТУРА. PHILOLOGY AND CULTURE. 2013. N°1(31), pp. 193–197, p. 193.

  31. 31.

    Gazizullin F.G.: Tatar economic thought on the way to Marxism, 1880–1917, PhD thesis in history, Kazan, 1980, p. 36.

  32. 32.

    I. Zapirov: ““Iqtisad” – The first Russian magazine on Islamic Economics”, art. cit., p. 193.

  33. 33.

    Ibidem, p. 194.

  34. 34.

    Cet article fut intitulé “Maqsad wa-maslak” ce qui signifie “Objectif et méthodologie”.

  35. 35.

    “Objectif et méthodologie”, “Iqtisad” Magazine, 1908, N°1, p. 1.

  36. 36.

    Ibidem.

  37. 37.

    I. Zapirov: ““Iqtisad” – The first Russian magazine on Islamic Economics”, art. cit., p. 195.

  38. 38.

    Ibidem.

  39. 39.

    Ibidem.

  40. 40.

    For example:

    “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, “Ikatisad” magazine, 1909, N°6, pp. 169–171.

    “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, “Ikatisad” magazine, 1909, N°7, pp. 203–205.

    “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, “Ikatisad” magazine, 1909, N°9, pp. 266–267.

  41. 41.

    M. Bigiyev: Zakāt, published by Muhammad Alim Maksudov, Petrograde, 1917.

  42. 42.

    For example: “Mutual bankers [loan association – cooperation]”, Magazine Iqatisad, 1911, N°3, pp. 73–74.

  43. 43.

    Comme Mahmoud Iskhakov: “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, Magazine Iqatisad, 1913, N°5–6, pp. 141–143.

  44. 44.

    Par example:

    “Mutual loaning Bank in Samara”, Magazine “Iqatisad”, 1913, N° 3, pp. 74–75.

    “How we organized the Bank”, Magazine “Iqatisad”, 1913, N°4, pp. 104–105.

  45. 45.

    Gazizullin F.G.: Tatar economic thought on the way to Marxism, 1880–1917, PhD thesis in history, Kazan, 1980.

Bibliography

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    Google Scholar 

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  • Bulatov: Laktsy (XIXe-début du XXe siècle). Essais historiques et ethnographiques, Makhachkala, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imogen Bell: Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003, Europa Publications, 3rd edition 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigiyev, M.: Zakāt, published by Muhammad Alim Maksudov, Petrograde, 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vladislav Davidzon : “Why Russia is no place to be Charlie”, online on: https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/188502/why-russia-is-no-place-to-be-charlie (seen on June 27, 2018).

  • Delkic, Melina: “Putin says Islamic Schools can help stop destructive ideas”, online on: https://www.newsweek.com/putin-pledges-support-islamic-schools-russia-791561 (seen on June 27, 2018).

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    Google Scholar 

“Iqtisad” Articles (in Historical Order)

  • “Objective and methodology”, “Iqtisad” Magazine, 1908, N°1, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, “Ikatisad” magazine, 1909a, N°6, pp. 169–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, “Ikatisad” magazine, 1909b, N°7, pp. 203–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, “Ikatisad” magazine, 1909c, N°9, pp. 266–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • “Mutual bankers [loan association – cooperation]”, Magazine Iqatisad, 1911, N°3, pp. 73–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud Iskhakov: “Issues related to the Islamic Bank”, Magazine Iqatisad, 1913, N°5–6, pp. 141–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • “Mutual loaning Bank in Samara”, Magazine “Iqatisad”, 1913, N°3, pp. 74–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • “How we organize the Bank”, Magazine “Iqatisad”, 1913, N°4, pp. 104–105.

    Google Scholar 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Paris, France

    Mohyedine Hajjar

  2. University of Kazan, Kazan, Russia

    Fatih Habib

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  1. Mohyedine Hajjar
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  1. Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Paris, France

    Mohyedine Hajjar

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Hajjar, M., Habib, F. (2019). Pioneer Islamic Economics and Banking Experience in Tsarist Russia. In: Hajjar, M. (eds) Islamic Finance in Europe. Palgrave Studies in Islamic Banking, Finance, and Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04094-9_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04094-9_10

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