Abstract
Vitamins, micronutrients and electrolytes are essential components of optimal cell function. Reliable optimal range of their serum concentrations should be set according to the lowest relative risk (RR) of morbidity and mortality . Optimal concentrations and adjustment to nadir ranges might minimize the RRs of a long list of both non-communicable diseases (NCDs or chronic diseases) as well as communicable diseases, and consequently affect life expectancy and decrease disability. Efforts should be made to define optimal serum concentrations of these essential nutrients. The present dietary recommended intakes (DRIs) for the micronutrients are mostly based on data extracted from a “healthy population”, and “normal” values are defined as a mean ±2 SD and not by the lowest morbidity/mortality . Definition according to the nadir ranges of serum concentrations of these nutrients, however, might better predict nutrient requirements than the outdated DRI methodology. Most metabolites have a narrow reliable nadir range for their optimal activity. The concept of the optimal nadir ranges is well demonstrated by examples of U-shaped curves presented here. Thus, optimal nutrient concentrations should be redefined by further studies, based on comprehensive data.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agnew-Blais JC, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kang JH, Hogan PE, Coker LH, Snetselaar LG, Smoller JW (2015) Folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake and mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the women’s health initiative memory study. J Acad Nutr Diet 115(2):231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.07.006
Amrein K, Quraishi SA, Litonjua AA, Gibbons FK, Pieber TR, Camargo CA, Giovannucci E, Christopher KB (2014) Evidence for a U-shaped relationship between prehospital vitamin D status and mortality: a cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(4):1461–1469. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3481
Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AM, Baglietto L, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG (2013a) Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and colorectal cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 65(5):659–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.789114
Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AN, Baglietto L, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG (2013b) Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 24(8):1555–1563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0232-y
Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Laclaustra M, Pastor-Barriuso R, Menke A, Ordovas J, Stranges S, Guallar E (2009) Serum selenium and peripheral arterial disease: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2003–2004. Am J Epidemiol 169(8):996–1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn414
Chang AR, Lazo M, Appel LJ, Gutie OM, Grams ME (2014) High dietary phosphorus intake is associated with all-cause mortality: results from NHANES III. Am J Clin Nutr 99(2):320–327. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.073148
Chen P, Li C, Li X, Li J, Chu R, Wang H (2014) Higher dietary folate intake reduces the breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 110(10):2327–2338. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.155
De Vogel S, Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ulvik A, Ueland PM, Nygård O, Vollset SE, Tell GS, Tretli S, Bjørge T (2013) Serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in relation to prostate cancer risk-a Norwegian population-based nested case-control study of 3000 cases and 3000 controls within the JANUS cohort. Int J Epidemiol 42(1):201–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys199
Dror Y, Giveon SM, Hoshen M, Feldhamer I, Balicer RD, Feldman BS (2013) Vitamin D levels for preventing acute coronary syndrome and mortality: evidence of a nonlinear association. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(5):2160–2167. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1185
Fairweather-Tait Sj, Bao Y, Broadley MR, Collings R, Ford D, Hesketh JE, Hurst R (2011) Selenium in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 14(7):1337–1383. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3275
Fang X, Wang K, Han D, He X, Wei J, Zhao L, Imam MU, Ping Z, Li Y, Xu Y, Min J, Wang F (2016) Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Med 14(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0742-z
Gaksch M, Jorde R, Grimnes G, Joakimsen R, Schirmer H, Wilsgaard T, Mathiesen EB, Njølstad I, Løchen ML, Maürz W, Kleber ME, Tomaschitz A, Gruübler M, Eiriksdottir G, Gudmundsson EF, Harris TB, Cotch MF, Aspelund T, Gudnason V, Rutters F, Beulens JWJ, Van’t Riet E, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Grove-Laugesen D, Rejnmark L, Busch MA, Mensink GBM, Scheidt-Nave C, Thamm M, Swart KMA, Brouwer IA, Lips P, Van Schoor NM, Sempos CT, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Škrabaókovaó Z, Dowling KG, Cashman KD, Kiely M, Pilz S (2017) Vitamin D and mortality: individual participant data meta-analysis of standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 26916 individuals from a European consortium. PLoS One 12(2): e0170791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170791
Gibson TM, Weinstein SJ, Pfeiffer RM, Hollenbeck AR, Subar AF, Schatzkin A, Mayne ST, Stolzenberg-Solomon R (2011) Pre-and postfortification intake of folate and risk of colorectal cancer in a large prospective cohort study in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 94(4):1053–1062. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.002659
Goyal A, Terry MB, Siegel AB (2013) Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. adults. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22(12):2202–2211. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0381
Guertin KA, Li XS, Graubard BI, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Goedert JJ, Wang Z, Hazen SL, Sinha R (2017) Serum trimethylamine n-oxide, carnitine, choline, and betaine in relation to colorectal cancer risk in the alpha tocopherol, beta carotene cancer prevention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 26:945–952
Gylling B, Myte R, Schneede J, Hallmans G, Haggstrom J, Johansson I, Ulvik A, Ueland PM, Van Guelpen B, Palmqvist R (2017) Vitamin B-6 and colorectal cancer risk: a prospective population-based study using 3 distinct plasma markers of vitamin B-6 status. Am J Clin Nutr 105(4):897–904. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.139337
Hayward N, McGovern A, De Lusignan D, Cole N, HintonW, Jones S (2017) U-shaped relationship between serum phosphate and cardiovascular risk: a retrospective cohort study PLoS ONE 12: e0184774. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184774
Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (2018) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 20e. McGraw-Hill Education. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2129§ionid=159213747
Julian C, Lentjes MAH, Huybrechts I, Luben R, Wareham N, Moreno LA, Khaw KT (2016) Fracture risk in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and physical activity: results from the epic-norfolk cohort study. PLoS ONE 11(10):e0164160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164160
Knovich MA, Il’yasova D, Ivanova A, Molnár I (2007) The association between serum copper and anaemia in the adult second national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES II) population. Br J Nutr 99(6):1226–1229. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507864828
Kristal AR, Till C, Song X, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Neuhauser ML, Schenk JM, Thompson IM, Meyskens FL, Goodman GE, Minasian LM, Parnes HL, Klein EA (2014) Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the selenium and Vitamin E cancer prevention trial. Cancer epidemiol biomarkers prev 23(8):1494–504. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0115
Krogager ML, Torp-Pedersen C, Mortensen RN, Køber L, Gislason G, Søgaard P, Aasbjerg K (2017) Short-term mortality risk of serum potassium levels in hypertension: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Eur Heart J 38(2):104–112. ehw129. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw129
Kumanyika S, Oria MP (eds) (2017) Guiding principles for developing dietary reference intakes based on chronic disease. In: Committee on the development of guiding principles for the inclusion of chronic disease endpoints in future dietary reference intakes. Food and Nutrition Board; Health and Medicine Division; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. http://nap.edu/24828. https://doi.org/10.17226/24828
Lai YH, Leu HB, Yeh WT, Chang HY, Pan WH (2015) Low-normal serum potassium is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death in community-based elderly. J Formos Med Assoc 114(6):517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.001
Lam PK, Milne D, Nielsen F, Gamst A, Morton D, Wingard D (2008) The rancho bernardo study plasma trace elements and cognitive function in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Nutr Health Aging 12(1):22–27
Li T, Xie Y, Bowe B, Xian H, Al-Aly Z (2017) Serum phosphorus levels and risk of incident dementia. PLoS ONE 12(2):e0171377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171377
Lu JL, Molnar MZ, Ma JZ, George LK, Sumida K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP (2016) Racial differences in association of serum calcium with mortality and incident cardio—and cerebrovascular events. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(12):4851–4859. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1802
Lu MS, Fang YJ, Pan ZZ, Zhong X, Zheng MC, Chen YM, Zhang CX (2015) Choline and betaine intake and colorectal cancer risk in Chinese population: a case-control study. PLoS ONE 10(3):e0118661. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118661
Mancini FR, Affret A, Dow C, Balkau B, Bonnet F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fagherazzi G (2018) Dietary antioxidant capacity and risk of type 2 diabetes in the large prospective E3 N-EPIC cohort. Diabetologia 61(2):308–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4489-7
MayoClinic (2017) 2017 Interpretive Handbook. http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/interpretive-guide/
Mellenthin L, Wallaschofski H, Grotevendt A, Völzke H, Nauck M, Hannemann A (2014) Association between serum vitamin D concentrations and inflammatory markers in the general adult population. Metabolism 63(8):1056–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.05.002
Mente A, O’Donnell M, Rangarajan S, Dagenais G, Lear S, McQueen M, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, Li W, Lu Y, Yi S, Rensheng L, Iqbal R, Mony P, Yusuf R, Yusoff K, Szuba A, Oguz A, Rosengren A, Bahonar A, Yusufali A, Schutte AE, Chifamba J, Mann JFE, Anand SS, Teo K, Yusuf S (2016) Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet (London, England) 388(10043):465–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30467-6
Mohan S, Gu S, Parikh A, Radhakrishnan J (2013) Prevalence of hyponatremia and association with mortality: results from NHANES. Am J Med 126(12):1127–1137.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.021
Olsén L, Lind PM, Lind L (2012) Gender differences for associations between circulating levels of metals and coronary risk in the elderly. Int J Hyg Environ Health 215(3):411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.11.004
Opotowsky AR, Bilezikian JP (2004) Serum vitamin A concentration and the risk of hip fracture among women 50–74 years old in the United States: a prospective analysis of the NHANES I follow-up study. Am J Med 117(3):169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.02.045
Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW (2018) Lang Current medical diagnosis and treatment 2018, 57th edn. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=2192
Peng Y, Huang F, Liu W, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Huang B, Liao Y, Li Q, Chai H, Luo X, Ren X, Chen C, Meng Q, Huang D, Wang H, Chen M (2015) Relation between admission serum potassium levels and long-term mortality in acute coronary syndrome. Intern Emerg Med 10(8):927–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-015-1253-1
Raghavan R, Riley AW, Volk H, Caruso D, Hironaka L, Sices L, Hong X, Wang G, Ji Y, Brucato M, Wahl A, Stivers T, Pearson C, Zuckerman B, Stuart EA, Landa R, Fallin D, Wanga X (2017) Maternal multivitamin intake, plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels and autism spectrum disorder risk in offspring. (2017) Paediat Perinatal Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12414
Rayman MP (2012) Selenium and human health. Lancet 379(9822):1256–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61452-9
Sempos CT, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Dawson-Hughes B, Yetley EA, Looker AC, Schleicher RL, Cao G, Burt V, Kramer H, Bailey RL, Dwyer JT, Zhang X, Gahche J, Coates PM, Picciano MF (2013) Is there a reverse J-shaped association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and all-cause mortality? Results from the U.S. nationally representative NHANES. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(7):3001–3009. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1333
Sheffer M, Taylor CL (2008) The development of DRIs 1994-2004: Lessons learned and new challenges: workshop summary. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12086/the-development-of-dris-1994-2004-lessons-learned-and-new
Song J, Zou SR, Guo CY, Zang JJ, Zhu ZN, Mi M, Huang CH, Yu HT, Lu X, Ruan Y, Wu F (2016) Prevalence of thyroid nodules and its relationship with iodine status in Shanghai: a population-based study. Biomed Environ Sci 29(6):398–407. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2016.052
Stranges S, Navas-Acien A, Rayman MP, Guallar E (2010) Selenium status and cardiometabolic health: state of the evidence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 20(10):754–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2010.10.001
Sudfeld CR, Duggan C, Aboud S, Kupka R, Manji KP, Kisenge R, Fawzi WW (2014) Vitamin D and incidence of mortality, morbidity, and growth failure among a cohort of HIV-infected and HIV-exposed Tanzanian infants. J Nutr 145(1):121–127. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.201566.121
Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Srivali N, Erickson SB (2015) Admission serum magnesium levels and the risk of acute respiratory failure. Int J Clin Pract 69(11):1303–1308. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12696
Torlen K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Molnar MZ, Vashistha T, Mehrotra R (2012) Serum potassium and cause-specific mortality in a large peritoneal dialysis cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7(8):1272–1284. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00960112
Tuohimaa P, Lou YR (2012) Optimal serum calcidiol concentration for cancer prevention. Anticancer Res 32(1):373–381. doi:32/1/373 [pii]
Wang X, Chen H, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhao G, Bao W, Yan M (2014) Dietary calcium intake and mortality risk from cardiovascular disease and all causes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Med 12:158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0158-6 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/12/158
WHO (1996) Trace elements in human nutrition and health World Health Organization. ISBN: 92 4 156173 4 www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9241561734/en/
Wu A-M, Huang C-Q, Lin Z-K, Tian N-F, Ni W-F, Wang X-Y, Xu H-Z, Chi Y-L (2014) The relationship between vitamin A and risk of fracture: meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Bone Miner Res 29(9):2032–2039. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2237
Wu T, Sempos CT, Freudenheim JL, Muti P, Smit E (2004) Serum iron, copper and zinc concentrations and risk of cancer mortality in US adults. Ann Epidemiol 14(3):19502 Yavin–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00119-4
Yochum LA, Folsom AR, Kushi LH (2000) Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 72(2):476–483
Http sites were accessed November 2017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dror, Y., Giveon, S.M., Stern, F. (2018). The Nadir Range of the U-Shaped Curve. In: Malavolta, M., Mocchegiani, E. (eds) Trace Elements and Minerals in Health and Longevity. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03742-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03742-0_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03741-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03742-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)