Abstract
Homeless youth are typically served through a traditional service system that provides important basic needs but tends to be limited in scope, deficit-based, and adult-led, creating challenges for engaging youth in making real change in their lives. In contrast, a youth voice approach emphasizes building relationships with youth, holistically and as respected partners in services. Several different practice frameworks may help homeless service providers integrate youth voice into their programming. A positive youth development (PYD) approach aims to build assets in young people, often by empowering them through skill building, team-based activities, and projects. Empowerment practice has emerged as a way to promote youth agency and leadership. And, recently, a trauma-informed lens has permeated many homeless youth services. This chapter describes these three frameworks, outlines how such frameworks can lead to the empowerment of marginalized youths’ voices, and reviews the most recent literature on empowerment programming with homeless youth. The chapter concludes that providing services to young people experiencing homelessness through a lens of youth voice is likely to help youth strengthen social networks while building individual skills useful in exiting the streets.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
76 Fed. Reg. 233 (2011). Rules and regulations. Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States. https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/HEARTH_HomelessDefinition_FinalRule.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2018.
Auerswald, C. L., & Eyre, S. L. (2002). Youth homelessness in San Francisco: A life cycle approach. Social Science and Medicine, 54(10), 1497–1512.
Bender, K., Thompson, S. J., McManus, H., Lantry, J., & Flynn, P. M. (2007). Capacity for survival: Exploring strengths of homeless street youth. Child and Youth Care Forum, 36(1), 25–42.
Bender, K., Ferguson, K., Thompson, S., Komlo, C., & Pollio, D. (2010). Factors associated with trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless youth in three U.S. cities: The importance of transience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(1), 161–168.
Bender, K., Thompson, S. J., Ferguson, K. M., Yoder, J., & Kern, L. (2014). Trauma among street-involved young adults. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 22, 53–64.
Bender, K., Barman-Adhikari, A., DeChants, J., Haffejee, B., Anyon, Y., Begun, S., Portillo, A., & Dunn, K. (2017). Asking for change: Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a manualized photovoice intervention with youth experiencing homelessness. Children and Youth Services Review, 81,379–389.
Bender, K., Begun, S., Dunn, K., MacKay, E., & DeChants, J. (2018). Homeless youths’ interests in social action via photovoice. Journal of Community Practice, 26(1), 107–120.
Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Hamilton, S. F., & Sesma, A. (2006). Positive youth development: Theory, research, and applications. In R. M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 894–941). Hoboken: Wiley.
Brooks, R. A., Milburn, N. G., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., & Witkin, A. (2004). The system-of-care for homeless youth: Perceptions of service providers. Evaluation and Program Planning, 27, 443–451.
Cammarota, J., & Fine, M. (Eds.). (2010). Revolutionizing education: Youth participatory action research in motion. New York: Routledge.
Cauce, A. M., Paradise, M., Ginzler, J. A., Embry, L., Morgan, C. J., Lohr, Y., & Theofelis, J. (2000). The characteristics and mental health of homeless adolescents: Age and gender differences. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(4), 230–239.
Cheon, J. W. (2008). Convergence of a strengths perspective and youth development: Toward youth promotion practice. Advances in Social Work, 9(2), 176–190.
Collins, P., & Barker, C. (2009). Psychological help-seeking in homeless adolescents. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55(4), 372–384.
Dadds, M. R., Braddock, D., Cuers, S., Elliott, A., & Kelly, A. (1993). Personal and family distress in homeless adolescents. Community Mental Health Journal, 29(5), 413–422.
De Rosa, C. J., Montgomery, S. B., Kipke, M. D., Iverson, E., Ma, J. L., & Unger, J. B. (1999). Service utilization among homeless and runaway youth in Los Angeles, California: Rates and reasons. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24(3), 190–200.
Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343–363.
Eccles, J., & Gootman, J. A. (Eds.). (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Feldmann, J., & Middleman, A. B. (2003). Homeless adolescents: Common clinical concerns. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 6–11.
Ferguson, K. M., Kim, M. A., & McCoy, S. (2011). Enhancing empowerment and leadership among homeless youth in agency and community settings: A grounded theory approach. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(1), 1–22.
Ferguson, K. M., Bender, K., Thompson, S. J., Maccio, E. M., & Pollio, D. (2012). Employment status and income generation among homeless young adults: Results from a five-city, mixed-methods study. Youth and Society, 44(3), 385–407.
Fowler, P. J., Toro, P. A., & Miles, B. W. (2009). Pathways to and from homelessness and associated psychosocial outcomes among adolescents leaving the foster care system. American Journal of Public Health, 99(8), 1453–1458.
Gavin, L. E., Catalano, R. F., David-Ferdon, C., Gloppen, K. M., & Markham, C. M. (2010). A review of positive youth development programs that promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(3), S75–S91.
Gharabaghi, K., & Stuart, C. (2010). Voices from the periphery: Prospects and challenges for the homeless youth service sector. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(12), 1683–1689.
Gomez, R. J., & Ryan, T. N. (2016). Speaking out: Youth led research as a methodology used with homeless youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(2), 185–193.
Greenblatt, M., & Robertson, M. J. (1993). Life-styles, adaptive strategies, and sexual behaviors of homeless adolescents. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44(12), 1177–1180.
Halcón, L. L., & Lifson, A. R. (2004). Prevalence and predictors of sexual risks among homeless youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(1), 71–80.
Hammer, H., Finkelhor, D., & Sedlak, A. J. (2002). Runaway/thrownaway children: National estimates and characteristics (NCJ 196469). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Heinze, H. (2013). Beyond a bed: Support for positive development for youth residing in emergency shelters. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(2), 278–286.
Heinze, H. J., & Hernandez Jozefowicz-Simbeni, D. M. (2009). Intervention for homeless and at-risk youth: Assessing youth and staff perspectives on service provision, satisfaction and quality. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 4(3), 210–225.
Heinze, H., Hernandez Jozefowicz, D. M., & Toro, P. A. (2010). Taking the youth perspective: Assessment of program characteristics that promote positive development in homeless and at-risk youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1365–1372.
Hodgson, K. J., Shelton, K. H., van den Bree, M. B., & Los, F. J. (2013). Psychopathology in young people experiencing homelessness: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 103(6), 24–37.
Hopper, E. K., Bassuk, E. L., & Olivet, J. (2010). Shelter from the storm: Trauma-informed care in homelessness services settings. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3(2), 80–100.
Hudson, A. L., Nyamathi, A., Greengold, B., Slagle, A., Koniak-Griffin, D., Khalilifard, F., & Getzoff, D. (2010). Health-seeking challenges among homeless youth. Nursing Research, 59(3), 212.
Jelicic, H., Bobek, D. L., Phelps, E., Lerner, R. M., & Lerner, J. V. (2007). Using positive youth development to predict contribution and risk behaviors in early adolescence: Findings from the first two waves of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(3), 263–273.
Jennings, L. B., Parra-Medina, D. M., Hilfinger-Messias, D. K., & McLoughlin, K. (2006). Toward a critical social theory of youth empowerment. Journal of Community Practice, 14(1–2), 31–55.
Kidd, S. A. (2007). Youth homelessness and social stigma. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 291–299.
Kolar, K., Erickson, P. G., & Stewart, D. (2012). Coping strategies of street-involved youth: Exploring contexts of resilience. Journal of Youth Studies, 15(6), 744–760.
Larkin, M., Cierpial, C., Stack, J., Morrison, V., & Griffith, C. (2008). Empowerment theory in action: The wisdom of collaborative governance. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(2), 2–2.
Leonard, N. R., Freeman, R., Ritchie, A. S., Gwadz, M. V., Tabac, L., Dickson, V. V., Cleland, C. M., Bolas, J., & Hirsh, M. (2017). “Coming from the place of walking with the youth—That feeds everything”: A mixed methods case study of a runaway and homeless youth organization. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(5), 443–459.
Lindsey, E. W., Kurtz, D., Jarvis, S., Williams, B., & Nackerud, L. (2000). How runaway and homeless youth navigate troubled waters: Personal strengths and resources. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17(2), 115–140.
MacLean, M. G., Embry, L. E., & Cauce, A. M. (1999). Homeless adolescents’ paths to separation from family: Comparison of family characteristics, psychological adjustment, and victimization. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(2), 179–187.
McCay, E., Langley, J., Beanlands, H., Cooper, L., Mudachi, N., Harris, A., Blidner, R., Bach, K., Dart, C., Howes, C., & Miner, S. (2010). Mental health challenges and strengths of street-involved youth: The need for a multi-determined approach. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 42(3), 30–49.
McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, Re-Authorized. (2002). 42 U.S.C. 11431 et seq 725.
Medlow, S., Klineberg, E., & Steinbeck, K. (2014). The health diagnoses of homeless adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Adolescence, 37(5), 531–542.
Ozer, E. J., & Douglas, L. (2015). Assessing the key processes of youth-led participatory research: Psychometric analysis and application of an observational rating scale. Youth and Society, 47(1), 29–50.
Perron, J. L., Cleverley, K., & Kidd, S. A. (2014). Resilience, loneliness, and psychological distress among homeless youth. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(4), 226–229.
Pollio, D. E., Thompson, S. J., Tobias, L., Reid, D., & Spitznagel, E. (2006). Longitudinal outcomes for youth receiving runaway/homeless shelter services. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 859–866.
Rew, L., & Horner, S. D. (2003). Personal strengths of homeless adolescents living in a high-risk environment. Advanced Nursing Science, 26(2), 90–101.
Rew, L., Taylor-Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y., & Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33–40.
Ringwalt, C. L., Greene, J. M., Robertson, M., & McPheeters, M. (1998). The prevalence of homelessness among adolescents in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 88(9), 1325–1329.
Roebuck, B. S., & Roebuck, M. M. (2016). The strengths of young people who are homeless. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 35(2), 43–54.
Rosenthal, D., Mallett, S., & Myers, P. (2006). Why do homeless young people leave home? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 30, 281–285.
Slesnick, N., & Prestopnik, J. (2005). Dual and multiple diagnosis among substance using runaway youth. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(1), 179–201.
Slesnick, N., Dashora, P., Letcher, A., Erdem, G., & Serovich, J. (2009). A review of services and interventions for runaway and homeless youth: Moving forward. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(7), 732–742.
Stewart, A. J., Steiman, M., Cauce, A. M., Cochran, B. N., Whitbeck, L. B., & Hoyt, D. R. (2004). Victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless 364 adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 325–331.
Thompson, S. J., Safyer, A. W., & Pollio, D. E. (2001). Differences and predictors of family reunification among subgroups of runaway youths using shelter services. Social Work Research, 25(3), 163–172.
Thompson, S. J., Ryan, T. N., Montgomery, K. L., Lippman, A. D. P., Bender, K., & Ferguson, K. (2016). Perceptions of resiliency and coping: Homeless young adults speak out. Youth and Society, 48(1), 58–76.
Tyler, K., & Beal, M. R. (2010). The high-risk environment of homeless young adults: Consequences for physical and sexual victimization. Violence and Victims, 25, 101–115.
Ungar, M. (2004). Nurturing hidden resilience in troubled youth. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Wang, C. C. (2006). Youth participation in photovoice as a strategy for community change. Journal of Community Practice, 14(1–2), 147–161.
Wang, C., & Burris, M. A. (1997). Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment. Health Education and Behavior, 24(3), 369–387.
Watson, J. (2011). Understanding survival sex: Young women, homelessness, and intimate relationships. Journal of Youth Studies, 14(6), 639–655.
Watson, J., & Cuervo, H. (2017). Youth homelessness: A social justice approach. Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 461–475.
Weikart, D. P. (2012) Youth program quality assessment. Center for Youth Program Quality. http://www.cypq.org/assessment. Accessed 27 July 2018.
Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., & Bao, W. N. (2000). Depressive symptoms and co-occurring depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and conduct problems among runaway and homeless adolescents. Child Development, 71(3), 721–732.
Whitbeck, L. B., Johnson, K. D., Hoyt, D. R., & Cauce, A. M. (2004). Mental disorder and comorbidity among runaway and homeless adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(2), 132–140.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Electronic Supplementary Material
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
DeChants, J., Bender, K., Stone, K. (2019). Incorporating Youth Voice into Services for Young People Experiencing Homelessness. In: Larkin, H., Aykanian, A., Streeter, C.L. (eds) Homelessness Prevention and Intervention in Social Work. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03727-7_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03727-7_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03726-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03727-7
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)