Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Service Settings: Challenges and Opportunities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Homelessness Prevention and Intervention in Social Work

Abstract

Homelessness continues to be a pervasive problem nationally and internationally. In the USA, the National Law Center on Poverty and Homelessness has estimated the annual number of homeless individuals to be in the range of 9.9–10.9 million sheltered and unsheltered persons, including those who have moved in with others due to financial hardship. Many of these persons suffer from severe mental illness or chronic substance abuse disorders. Additionally, many homeless persons have trauma histories, including abuse, neglect, and family and community violence. Many more have also experienced the traumatic effects of homelessness itself, including violence, revictimization, stigma, hunger, poor health, and other negative outcomes. To address the ongoing effects of traumatic stress, homelessness service settings are implementing trauma-informed care (TIC). This chapter will review the tenets of TIC and examine the personal and organizational barriers that may impede its successful implementation. Strategies for overcoming these barriers will also be highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, S. A., & Riggs, S. A. (2008). An exploratory study of vicarious trauma among therapist trainees. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(1), 26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agllias, K. (2012). Keeping safe: Teaching undergraduate social work students about interpersonal violence. Journal of Social Work Practice, 26(2), 259–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, P. P. (2011). Childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence, work interference, and women’s employment. Journal of Family Violence, 26(4), 255–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Krenawi, A., & Kimberley, D. (2014). Palestinian youth and their families: Paradoxes of resilience in the cultural and sociopolitical context of conflict, stress, and trauma in the Middle East. International Journal of Child Health and Human Development, 7(2), 101.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelou, M. (1991). All God’s children need traveling shoes. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archard, P. J., & Murphy, D. (2015). A practice research study concerning homeless service user involvement with a programme of social support work delivered in a specialized psychological trauma service. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(6), 360–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardino, V. (2014). Trauma-informed care: Is cultural competence a viable solution for efficient policy strategies? Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 11(1), 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassuk, E. L., & Beardslee, W. R. (2014). Depression in homeless mothers: Addressing an unrecognized public health issue. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 73–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassuk, E. L., DeCandia, C. J., Beach, C. A., & Berman, F. (2014). America’s youngest outcasts: A report card on child homelessness. The American Institutes for Research. http://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/Americas-Youngest-Outcasts-Child-Homelessness-Nov2014.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Bateman, J., Henderson, C., & Kezelman, C. (2013). Trauma-informed care and practice: Towards a cultural shift in policy reform across mental health and human services in Australia, a national strategic direction. Mental Health Coordinating Council. http://www.mhcc.org.au/media/44467/nticp_strategic_direction_journal_article__vf4_-_jan_2014_.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Bender, K., Thompson, S., Ferguson, K., Yoder, J., & DePrince, A. (2015). Risk detection and self-protection among homeless youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 352–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bermingham, A. (2014). Youth homelessness: An investigation into the emotional effects on social care workers. Dublin Business School. http://esource.dbs.ie/bitstream/handle/10788/2287/ba_bermingham_a_2014.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Beyer, L., Murphy, H., & McWilliam, S. (2010). An introduction to trauma informed care: Creating physically and emotionally safe environments for client, families and staff. IWK Health Center. http://yourexperiencesmatter.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/An_Introduction_to_Trauma_Informed_Care3.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Bloom, S. L. (2005). The Sanctuary Model of organizational change for children’s residential treatment. therapeutic community. The International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive Organizations, 26(1), 65–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, S. L. (2013). Creating sanctuary: Toward the evolution of sane societies (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, S. L., & Farragher, B. (2013). Restoring sanctuary: A new operating system for trauma-informed organizations. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bride, B. E., Hatcher, S. S., & Humble, M. N. (2009). Trauma training, trauma practices, and secondary traumatic stress among substance abuse counselors. Traumatology, 15(2), 96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brignone, E., Gundlapalli, A. V., Blais, R. K., Carter, M. E., Suo, Y., Samore, M. H., et al. (2016). Differential risk for homelessness among US male and female veterans with a positive screen for military sexual trauma. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 582–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. T., Goodman, L., Guzman, D., Tieu, L., Ponath, C., & Kushel, M. B. (2016). Pathways to homelessness among older homeless adults: Results from the HOPE HOME study. PLoS One, 11(5), e0155065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chrystal, J. G., Glover, D. L., Young, A. S., Whelan, F., Austin, E. L., Johnson, N. K., et al. (2015). Experience of primary care among homeless individuals with mental health conditions. PLoS One, 10(2), e0117395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, B. N., Stewart, A. J., Ginzler, J. A., & Cauce, A. M. (2002). Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: Comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 773–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conners-Burrow, N. A., Kramer, T. L., Sigel, B. A., Helpenstill, K., Sievers, C., & McKelvey, L. (2013). Trauma-informed care training in a child welfare system: Moving it to the front line. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(11), 1830–1835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Cloitre, M., et al. (2017). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 390–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornes, M., Manthorpe, J., Hennessy, C., Anderson, S., Clark, M., & Scanlon, C. (2014). Not just a talking shop: Practitioner perspectives on how communities of practice work to improve outcomes for people experiencing multiple exclusion homelessness. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 28(6), 541–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, M. (2004). Teaching social workers about trauma: Reducing the risks of vicarious traumatization in the classroom. Journal of Social Work Education, 40(2), 305–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, B. R., & Allen, N. B. (2017). Trauma and homelessness in youth: Psychopathology and intervention. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deck, S. M., & Platt, P. A. (2015). Homelessness is traumatic: Abuse, victimization, and trauma histories of homeless men. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24, 1022–1043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinnen, S., Kane, V., & Cook, J. M. (2014). Trauma-informed care: A paradigm shift needed for services with homeless veterans. Professional Case Management, 19(4), 161–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • dos Santos, T. M., Kozasa, E. H., Carmagnani, I. S., Tanaka, L. H., Lacerda, S. S., Nogueira-Martin, L. A., East, J. F., & Roll, S. J. (2016). Positive effects of a stress reduction program based on mindfulness meditation in Brazilian nursing professionals: Qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Explore, 12(2), 90–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016). Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention on oncology nurses’ burnout and compassion fatigue symptoms: A non-randomized study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 64, 98–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • East, J. F., & Roll, S. J. (2015). Women, poverty, and trauma: An empowerment practice approach. Social Work, 60(4), 279–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J., & Gootman, J. A. (Eds.). (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallot, R. D., & Harris, M. (2002). The trauma recovery and empowerment model (TREM): Conceptual and practical issues in a group intervention for women. Community Mental Health Journal, 38(6), 475–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fallot, R. D., & Harris, M. (2009). Community connections. Creating cultures of trauma-informed care: A self assessment with planning protocol. Community Connections. https://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/icmh/documents/CCTICSelf-AssessmentandPlanningProtocol0709.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Federal Register. (2011). Rules and regulations. https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/HEARTH_HomelessDefinition_FinalRule.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, L. J. (2016). The Florence Nightingale effect: Organizational identification explains the peculiar link between others’ suffering and workplace functioning in the homelessness sector. Frontiers in Psychology, 28, 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Hrunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, J., Sullivan, T., & Connell, C. (2015). Profiles of intimate partner violence victimization, substance misuse, and depression among female caregivers involved with child protective services. Journal of Family Violence, 30(8), 999–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, R. M., Tempel, A. B., Sigel, B. A., Conners-Burrow, N. A., Worley, K. B., & Kramer, T. L. (2013). Improving the dissemination of evidence-based treatments: Facilitators and barriers to participating in case consultation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(4), 225–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilin, B., & Kauffman, S. (2015). Strategies for teaching about trauma to graduate social work students. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 35(4), 378–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, L. A., Saxe, L., & Harvey, M. (1991). Homelessness as psychological trauma: Broadening perspectives. American Psychologist, 46(11), 1219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowan, T. (2002). The nexus: Homelessness and incarceration in two American cities. Ethnography, 3(4), 500–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, D., Keeney, T., & Oswick, C. (1998). Defining organizational discourse: Of diversity, dichotomy and multidisciplinarity. In D. Grant, T. Keeney, & Oswick (Eds.), Discourse and organization (pp. 1–13). London: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Guarino, K., & Bassuk, E. (2010). Working with families experiencing homelessness: Understanding trauma and its impact. Zero to Three (J), 30(3), 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guarino, K. M., Clervil, R., & Beach, C. A. (2014). Trauma-informed care for veterans experiencing homelessness: Building workforce capacity. The American Institute of Research. http://www.air.org/sites/default/files/Trauma-informed%20care%20for%20homeless%20veterans%20Building%20Workforce%20Capacity%20Nov%202014.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Ha, Y., Narendorf, S. C., Santa Maria, D., & Bezette-Flores, N. (2015). Barriers and facilitators to shelter utilization among homeless young adults. Evaluation and Program Planning, 53, 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, A. B., Washington, D. L., & Zuchowski, J. L. (2013). Gendered social roots of homelessness among women veterans. Annals of Anthropological Practice, 37, 92–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. F., Lang, J. M., Campbell, K., Shanley, P., Crusto, C. A., & Connell, C. M. (2016). Building capacity for trauma-informed care in the child welfare system. Child Maltreatment, 21(2), 113–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harr, C., & Moore, B. (2011). Compassion fatigue among social work students in field placements. Journal of Teaching Social Work, 31, 350–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinze, H. J., Jozefowicz, D. M. H., & Toro, P. A. (2010). Taking the youth perspective: Assessment of program characteristics that promote positive development in homeless and at-risk youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1365–1372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Held, P., & Owens, G. P. (2015). Effects of self-compassion workbook training on trauma-related guilt in a sample of homeless veterans: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(6), 513–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helfrich, C. A., Peters, C. Y., & Chan, D. V. (2011). Trauma symptoms of individuals with mental illness at risk for homelessness: Participating in a life skills intervention. Occupational Therapy International, 18(3), 115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Monn, A. R., Narayan, A. J., & Masten, A. S. (2014). Trauma, adversity, and parent-child relationships among young children experiencing homelessness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(7), 1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—from domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, P., Engstrom, D., & Gangsei, D. (2010). Exploring the impact of trauma on therapists: Vicarious resilience and related concepts in training. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 29(1), 67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., & Roby, R. P. (2013). Trauma type and gender effects on PTSD, general distress, and peritraumatic dissociation. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18(1), 41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgdon, H., Kinniburgh, K., Gabowitz, D., Blaustein, M., & Spinazzola, J. (2013). Development and implementation of trauma-informed programming in youth residential treatment centers using the ARC framework. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 679–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, E. K., Bassuk, E. L., & Olivet, J. (2010). Shelter from the storm: Trauma-informed care in homeless service settings. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3, 80–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggard, P. (2003). Secondary traumatic stress; Doctors at risk. New Ethicals Journal, 6, 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, A. (2008). Models for developing trauma-informed behavioral health systems and trauma-specific services. NTAC and NASMHPD. http://www.annafoundation.org/MDT.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Jetelina, K. K., Gonzalez, J. R., Brown, C. R., Foreman, M. L., & Field, C. (2017). Acute alcohol use, history of homelessness, and intent of injury among a sample of adult emergency department patients. Violence and Victims, 32(4), 658–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G., & Chamberlain, C. (2008). Homelessness and substance abuse: Which comes first? Australian Social Work, 61(4), 342–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, L. (2012). Spaces of trauma: Young people, homelessness and trauma. Youth Studies Australia, 2(4), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-Based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kardiner, A. (1941). The traumatic neuroses of war. New York: Hoeber.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kardiner, A., & Spiegel, H. (1947). War, stress, and neurotic illness. New York: Hoeber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, C. (2010). Indirect trauma in the field practicum: Secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, and compassion fatigue among social work students and their field instructors. Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work, 15(1), 31–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, T. L., Sigel, B. A., Conners-Burrow, N., Worley, K. B., Church, J. K., & Helpenstill, K. (2015). It takes a state: Best practices for children exposed to trauma. Best Practices in Mental Health: An International Journal, 11(1), 14–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krausz, R. M., Clarkson, A. F., Strehlau, V., Torchalla, I., Li, K., & Schuetz, C. G. (2013). Mental disorder, service use, and barriers to care among 500 homeless people in 3 different urban settings. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(8), 1235–1243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lakeman, R. (2011). How homeless sector workers deal with the death of service users: A grounded theory study. Death Studies, 35(10), 925–948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langley, A., Santiago, C., Rodríguez, A., & Zelaya, J. (2013). Improving implementation of mental health services for trauma in multicultural elementary schools: Stakeholder perspectives on parent and educator engagement. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 40(3), 247–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, H., & Park, J. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), service use, and service helpfulness among people experiencing homelessness. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 93(2), 85–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, R. S., Gallops, M. S., & Frey-Wouters, E. (1984). War stress and trauma: The Vietnam veteran experience. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25(1), 65–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinson, T., Thomas, M. L., & White, S. (2014). Traumatic transitions: Homeless women’s narratives of abuse, loss, and fear. Affilia, 29(2), 192–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mar, M. Y., Linden, I. A., Torchalla, I., Li, K., & Krausz, M. (2014). Are childhood abuse and neglect related to age of first homelessness episode among currently homeless adults? Violence and Victims, 29(6), 999–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masson, J. M. (1984). The assault on truth, Freud’s suppression of the seduction theory. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattar, S. (2010). Cultural considerations in trauma psychology education, research, and training. Traumatology, 16(4), 48–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHugo, G. J., Caspi, Y., Kammerer, N., & Mazelis, R. (2005). The assessment of trauma history in women with co-occurring substance abuse and mental disorders and a history of interpersonal violence. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 32(2), 113–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie-Mohr, S. S., Coates, J., & McLeod, H. (2012). Responding to the needs of youth who are homeless: Calling for politicized trauma-informed intervention. Children & Youth Services Review, 34(1), 136–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McManus, H. H., & Thompson, S. J. (2008). Trauma Among unaccompanied homeless youth: The integration of street culture into a model of intervention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 16(1), 92–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, J. S., & Potter, C. C. (2015). Relationship between vicarious traumatization and turnover among child welfare professionals. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 9(2), 195–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, J. S., Harvey, S., & Esaki, N. (2015). Transformational leadership and organizational change: How do leaders approach trauma-informed organizational change…twice? Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 96(2), 155–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, D. S. (2009). Homelessness as an independent risk factor for mortality: results from a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(3), 877–883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, L. T. (2017). Modern slavery research project, labor and sex trafficking among homeless youth.: A ten city study full report. Loyola University, New Orleans. https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/ht/murphy-labor-sex-trafficking-homeless-youth.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Narayan, A. J., Kalstabakken, A. W., Labella, M. H., Nerenberg, L. S., Monn, A. R., & Masten, A. S. (2017). Intergenerational continuity of adverse childhood experiences in homeless families: Unpacking exposure to maltreatment versus family dysfunction. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(1), 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narendorf, S. C., Santa Maria, D., Ha, Y., Cooper, J., & Schieszler, C. (2016). Counting and surveying homeless youth: Recommendations from YouthCount 2.0! A community-academic partnership. Journal of Community Health, 41(6), 1234–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Child Traumatic Stress Network. (n.d.). Complex trauma. http://www.nctsn.org/trauma-types/complex-trauma. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty (2015). Overview of homelessness: Data and causes. https://www.nlchp.org/documents/Homeless_Stats_Fact_Sheet. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Newell, J. M., & MacNeil, G. A. (2010). Professional burnout, vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue. Best Practices in Mental Health, 6(2), 57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimmo, A., & Huggard, H. (2013). A systematic review of the measurement of compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, and secondary traumatic stress in physicians. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 17(1), 37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivet, J., McGraw, S., Grandin, M., & Bassuk, E. (2010). Staffing challenges and strategies for organizations serving individuals who have experienced chronic homelessness. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 37(2), 226–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, S. C., Nurius, P. S., & Green, S. (2016). Homelessness history impacts on health outcomes and economic and risk behavior intermediaries: New insights from population data. Families in Society, 97(3), 230–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlman, L. A., & Caringi, J. (2009). Living and working self-reflectively to address vicarious trauma). In C. A. Courtois & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp. 202–224). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. (2006). Applying principles of neurodevelopment to clinical work with maltreated and traumatized children: The neurosequential model of therapeutics. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 27–52). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, S. L., Wong, C., White, D., & Heaslip, K. (2013). Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, work life conditions, and burnout among frontline mental health care professionals. Traumatology, 19(4), 255–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, H., Winetrobe, H., & Rice, E. (2015). Pet ownership among homeless youth: Associations with mental health, service utilization and housing status. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(2), 237–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riebschleger, J., Day, A., & Damashek, A. (2015). Foster care youth share stories of trauma before, during, and after placement: Youth voices for building trauma-informed systems of care. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24, 339–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rimawi, B. H., Mirdamadi, M., & John, J. F. (2014). Infections and homelessness: Risks of increased infectious diseases in displaced women. World Medical & Health Policy, 6(2), 118–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roos, L. E., Mota, N., Afifi, T. O., Katz, L. Y., Distasio, J., & Sareen, J. (2013). Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and homelessness and the impact of axis I and II disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 103(Suppl 2), S275–S281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SAMHSA. (2007). Lessons learned from the women, co-occurring disorders, and violence study: Exploring how to best serve women survivors of violence and trauma. https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=241360.

  • SAMHSA. (2014a). SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma informed approach. https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA14-4884/SMA14-4884.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • SAMHSA. (2014b). A treatment improvement protocol: Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services. https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA14-4816/SMA14-4816.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • SAMSHA (2016). SHIFT study highlights trauma’s impact on homelessness. Retrieved from: https://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/traumas-impact-homelessness

  • SAMSHA. (2017). Trauma and violence. https://www.samhsa.gov/trauma-violence. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Schmidt, R., Hrenchuk, C., Bopp, J., & Poole, N. (2015). Trajectories of women’s homelessness in Canada’s 3 northern territories. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 74, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. (2001). Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, ‘mindsight’ and neural integration. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 67–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Signorelli, R. G., Gluckman, N. S., Hassan, N., Coello, M., & Momartin, S. (2017). Relationship building, collaboration and flexible service delivery: The path to engagement of refugee families and communities in early childhood trauma recovery services. Children Australia, 42(3), 142–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. M., Hartinger-Saunders, R., Brezina, T., Beck, E., Wright, E. R., Forge, N., & Bride, B. E. (2016). Homeless youth, strain, and justice system involvement: An application of general strain theory. Children and Youth Services Review, 62, 90–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stamm, B. H. (2005). The ProQOL manual. Pocatello: Idaho State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamm, B. H. (2009). The concise ProQOL manual. Pocatello: ProQOL.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundin, E. C., & Baguley, T. (2015). Prevalence of childhood abuse among people who are homeless in Western countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(2), 183–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(1), 10–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J., Rosenheck, R., Decker, S., Desai, R., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2012). Trauma experience among homeless female veterans: correlates and impact on housing, clinical, and psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(6), 624–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tummala-Narra, P., Li, Z., Liu, T., & Wang, Y. (2014). Violence exposure and mental health among adolescents: The role of ethnic identity and help seeking. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(1), 8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turgoose, D., & Maddox, L. (2017). Predictors of compassion fatigue in mental health professionals: A narrative review. Traumatology, 23(2), 172–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1(5), 253–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C., & Weisaeth, L. (Eds.). (1996). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming stress on the mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. (1979). The battered women. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. C., & Dunn, E. C. (2005). Feminist perspectives on trauma. Women & Therapy, 28(3–4), 111–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C., Pence, D. M., & Conradi, L. (2013). Trauma-informed care. Encyclopedia of Social Work. http://socialwork.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.001.0001/acrefore-9780199975839-e-1063. Accessed 22 June 2018.

  • Wolf, M. R., Green, S. A., Nochajski, T. H., Mendel, W. E., & Kusmaul, N. S. (2014). ‘We’re civil servants’: The status of trauma-informed care in the community. Journal of Social Service Research, 40(1), 111–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolrych, R., Gibson, N., Sixsmith, J., & Sixsmith, A. (2015). “No home, no place”: Addressing the complexity of homelessness in old age through community dialogue. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 29(3), 233–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, H., Jiang, A., & Shen, J. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction among oncology nurses: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 57, 28–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA

    Cassandra Bransford & Michael Cole

Authors
  1. Cassandra Bransford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Cole
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cassandra Bransford .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Welfare, University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, NY, USA

    Heather Larkin  & Amanda Aykanian  & 

  2. School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Calvin L. Streeter

Electronic Supplementary Material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bransford, C., Cole, M. (2019). Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Service Settings: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Larkin, H., Aykanian, A., Streeter, C.L. (eds) Homelessness Prevention and Intervention in Social Work. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03727-7_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03727-7_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03726-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03727-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation