Abstract
The public demand in recent times has compelled different industries to move toward the frequent use of plant-derived natural colors that do not cause any detrimental effects on the environment and ecosystem. Advanced changes for the natural bio-resources and their sustainable use for multifunctional purposes are gaining widespread step now. The present chapter represents the environmental, functional properties, extraction methodology, and the application of natural dyes in various walks of life. It is expected that this chapter will fulfill the needs of the researchers, traders, and industrialists who are working on resurgence of natural dyes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adeel S, Gulzar T, Azeem M, Saeed M, Hanif I, Iqbal N (2017) Appraisal of marigold flower based lutein as natural colourant for textile dyeing under the influence of gamma radiations. Radiat Phys Chem 130:35–39
Ahn C, Zeng X, Obendorf SK (2012) Analysis of dye extracted from Phellodendron bark and its identification in archaeological textiles. Text Res J 82(16):1645–1658
Alam MM, Rehman ML, Haque MZ (2007) Extraction of henna leaf dye and its dyeing effects on textile fibre. Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 42(2):217–222
Alsehri SM, Naushad M, Ahamad T, Alothman ZA, Aldalbahi A (2014) Synthesis, characterization of curcumin based ecofriendly antimicrobial bio-adsorbent for the removal of phenol from aqueous medium. Chem Eng J 254:181–189
Amao Y, Komori T (2004) Bio-photovoltaic conversion device using chlorine-e 6 derived from chlorophyll from spirulina adsorbed on a nanocrystalline TiO2 film electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 19(8):843–847
Ammayappan L, Shakyawar DBB (2016) Dyeing of carpet woolen yarn using natural dye from cochineal. J Nat Fiber 13(1):42–53
Baaka N, El Ksibi I, Mhenni MF (2017) Optimization of the recovery of carotenoids from tomato processing waste: application on textile dyeing and assessment of its antioxidant activity. Nat Prod Res 31(2):196–203
Baliarsingh S, Panda AK, Jena J, Das T, Das NB (2012) Exploring sustainable technique on natural dye extraction from native plants from textile: identification of colourants, colourimetric analysis of dyed yarns and their antimicrobial evaluation. J Clean Prod 37:257–264
Banerjee S, Sharma YC (2013) Equilibrium and kinetic studies for removal of malachite green from aqueous solution by a low cost activated carbon. J Ind Eng Chem 19(4):1099–1105
Bart HJ, Pilz S (2011) Industrial scale natural products extraction. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken
Bhatti IA, Adeel S, Irshad M, Abbas M (2012) Effect of mercerization and gamma irradiation on the dyeing behavior of cotton using stilbene based direct dye. Radiat Phys Chem 81(7):823–826
Bhise SH, Shinda NG, Surve BS, Pimpodkar NV, Shikalgar SS (2014) Acalypha wilkesiana as natural pH indicator. Int J Nat Prod Res 4(1):33–35
Bonet-Aracil MA, Diaz-Garcia P, Bou-Belds E, Sebastia N, Montoro A, Rodrigo R (2016) UV protection from cotton fabrics dyed with different tea extracts. Dyes Pigments 134:448–452
Boyo AO, Shitta MBO, Oluwa T, Adeola S (2012) Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalin) for dye sensitized solar cell. Trends Appl Sci Res 7(7):558
Calogero G, Di Marco G, Cazzanti S, Caramori S, Argazzi R, Di Carlo A, Bignozzi CA (2010) Efficient dye sensitized solar cells using red turnip and purple wild sicilian prickly pear fruits. Int J Mol Sci 11(1):254–267
Calogero G, Yum JH, Sinopoli A, Di Marco G, Gratzel M, Nazeeruddin MK (2012) Anthocyanins and betalians as light-harvesting pigments from dye sensitized solar cells. Sol Energ 86(5):1563–1575
Chandrasekhar J, Madhusudhan MC, Raghavarao KSMS (2012) Extraction of anthocyanins from red cabbage and purification using adsorption. Food Bioprod Process 90(4):615–623
Chang H, Kao MJ, Chen TL, Chen CH, Cho KC, Lai XR (2013) Characterization of natural dye extracted from wormwood and purple cabbage for dye sensitized solar cells. Int J Photoenerg 2013:1–8
Chang H, Lo YJ (2010) Pomegranate leaves and mulberry fruit as natural sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol Energ 84(10):1833–1837
Chattopadhyay SN, Pan NC, Roy AK, Saxena S, Khan A (2013) Development of natural dyed jute fabric with improved colour yield and UV protection characteristics. J Text Inst 104(8):808–818
Chen X, Gu Z (2013) Absorption type optical pH sensitive film based on immobilized purple cabbage pigment. Sens Actuators B Chem 178:207–211
Cheng HM, Koutsidis G, Lodge JK, Ashor A, Siervo M, Lara J (2017) Tomato and lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 257:100–108
Christie RM (2013) Advances in the dyeing and finishing of technical textiles: 1. Chromic materials for technical textile applications. Elsevier Inc., New York
Cistea D, Vilarem G (2006) Improving light fastness of natural dyes on cotton yarn. Dyes Pigments 70(3):238–245
Dabiri M, Salimi S, Ghassempour A, Rassouli A, Talebi M (2005) Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for alizarin and purpurin in Rubiaceae plants and its comparison with conventional extraction methods. J Sep Sci 28(4):387–396
Dave H, Ledwani L, Nema SK (2016) Surface modification by atmospheric pressure air plasma treatment to improve dyeing with natural dyes: an environment friendly approach for leather processing. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 36(2):599–613
Demirbas A (2009) Agricultural based activated carbons for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions: a review. J Hazard Mater 167:1):1–1):9
Dev VG, Venugopal J, Sudha S, Deepika G, Ramakrishna S (2009) Dyeing and antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan treated wool fabrics with henna dye. Carbohydr Polym 75(4):646–650
Ebrahimi I, Gashti PM (2015) Extraction of juglone from Pterocarya fraxinifolia leaves for dyeing, anti-fungal finishing, and solar UV protection of wool. Color Technol 131(6):451–457
Eka CP, Yuliarto B, Suyatman S (2013) Performance of natural carotenoids from Musa aromatica and Citrus medica var lemon as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells with TiO2 nanoparticle. Adv Mater Res 789:167–170
Ekanayake P, Kooh MRR, Kumara NTRN, Lim A, Petra MI, Voo NY, Lim CM (2013) Combined experimental and DFT–TDDFT study of photo-active constituents of Canarium odontophyllum for DSSC application. Chem Phys Lett 585:121–127
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2010) Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chem Eng J 156(1):2–10
Garcia-Macias P, John P (2004) Formation of natural indigo derived from woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) in relation to product purity. J Agric Food Chem 52(26):7891–7896
Golasz LB, Silva JD, Silva SBD (2013) Film with anthocyanins as an indicator of chilled pork deterioration. Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 33:155–162
Gorjanc M, Savic A, Topalic-Tricunovic L, Mozetic M, Vesel A, Grujic D (2016) Dyeing of plasma treated cotton and bamboo rayon with Fallopia japonica extract. Cellulose 23(2):2221–2228
Gratzel M (2003) Dye-sensitized solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 4(2):145–153
Gray JL (2003) The physics of the solar cell. Handb Photovolt Sci Eng 2:82–128
Grifoni D, Bacci L, Di Lonardo S, Pinelli P, Scardigli A, Camilli F, Romani A (2014) UV protective properties of cotton and flax fabrics dyed with multifunctional plant extracts. Dyes Pigments 105:89–96
Grifoni D, Bacci L, Zipoli G, Albanese L, Sabatini F (2011) The role of natural dyes in the UV protection of fabrics made of vegetable fibres. Dyes Pigments 91(3):279–285
Guinot P, Gargadennec A, La Fisca P, Fruchier A, Andary C, Mondolot L (2009) Serratula tinctoria, a source of natural dye: flavonoid pattern and histolocalization. Ind Crop Prod 29(2):320–325
Guinot P, Roge A, Gargadennec A, Garcia M, Dupont D, Lecoeur E, Andary C (2006) Dyeing plants screening: an approach to combine past heritage and present development. Color Technol 122(2):93–101
Gunes E, Atav R (2017) The use of nutshell firstly as a natural dye for cotton and wool and then as a natural adsorbent for colour removal of basic dye effluent. Color Technol 133(1):88–93
Guo XF, Yue YD, Tang F, Wang J, Yao XI (2013) Antioxidant properties of major flavonoids and subfractions of the extract of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves. J Food Biochem 37(4):501–509
Haji A, Mehrizi MK, Sharifzadeh J (2016) Dyeing of wool with aqueous extract of cotton pods improved by plasma treatment and chitosan: optimization using response surface methodology. Fiber Polym 17(9):1480–1488
Haji A, Qavamnia SS, Bizhaem FK (2016) Optimization of oxygen plasma treatment to improve the dyeing of wool with grape leaves/Optimizarea tratamentului cu plasma de oxigen pentru îmbunatatirea vopsirii lânii cu colorant din frunze de vita de vie. Ind Textila 67(4):244–249
Hernandez-Martinez AR, Esteves M, Vargas S, Rodriguez R (2013) Stabilized conversion efficiency and dye-sensitized solar cells from beta vulgaris pigment. Int J Mol Sci 14(2):4081–4093
Hernandez-Martinez AR, Estevez M, Vargas S, Quintanilla F, Rodriguez R (2011) New dye-sensitized solar cells obtained from extracted bracts of Bougainvillea glabra and spectabilis betalain pigments by different purification processes. Int J Mol Sci 12(9):5565–5576
Hou X, Chen X, Chen Y, Xu H, Chen L, Yang Y (2013) Dyeing and UV-protection properties of water extracts from orange peel. J Clean Prod 52:410–419
Hou X, Yang R, Xu H, Yang Y (2012) Adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic studies of silk dyed with sodium copper chlorophyllin. Ind Eng Chem Res 51(25):8341–8347
Hwang HJ, Hong KH (2016) Effect of pretreatment on Dyeability and functionalities of summer rayon fabrics finished by gallnut extract. Fash Text Res J 18(2):244–251
Hwang EK, Lee YH, Kim HD (2008) Dyeing, fastness, and deodorizing properties of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with gardenia, coffee sludge, Cassia tora. L., and pomegranate extracts. Fiber Polym 9(3):334–340
Jabar JM, Abayomi LTG (2015) Effect of temperature on affinity of natural dye from coconut coir fibre form cotton fabric. Int J Res Appl Chem 2(2):1
Jang HJ, Jung JS (2016) Study of UV protection, deodorization and antimicrobial properties of cotton fabrics dyed with the liquids extracted from Salvia Plebia R. Br. Fash Text Res J 18(3):380–386
Jenos P, Sedivy P, Ryznarova M, Grotschelova S (2005) Sorption of basic and acid dyes from aqueous solutions onto oxihumolite. Chemosphere 59(6):881–886
Jung JS (2016) Study of fastness, UV protection, deodorization and antimicrobial properties of silk fabrics dyed with the liquids extracted from the gallnuts, Areca nuts, and pomegranate peels. In: MATEC Web of Conferences, vol 49. EDP Sciences, London
Kamel MM, El-Shishtawy RM, Yussef BM, Mashaly H (2005) Ultrasonic assisted dyeing: III Dyeing of wool with lac as a natural dye. Dyes Pigm 65(2):103–110
Khan SA, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Yusuf M, Shahid M, Manzoor N, Mohammad F (2012) Antimicrobial activity of wool yarn dyed with Rheum emodi L. (Indian rhubarb). Dyes Pigments 95(2):206–214
Khan PMA, Farooqui M (2011) Analytical applications of plant extract as natural pH Indicator: a review. J Adv Sci Res 2(4):20–24
Khan AA, Iqbal N, Adeel S, Azeem M, Batool F, Bhatti IA (2014) Extraction of natural dye from red calico leaves: gamma ray assisted improvements in colour strength and fastness properties. Dyes Pigments 103:50–54
Khandegar V, Saroha AK (2013) Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent–a review. J Environ Manag 128:949–963
Khlifi D, Sghaier RM, Amouri S, Laouini D, Hamdi M, Bouajila J (2013) Composition and anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of Artemisia herba-alba, Ruta chalpensis L. and Peganum harmala L. Food Chem Toxicol 55:202–208
Kiokias S, Proestos C, Varzakas TA (2016) Review of the structure, biosynthesis, absorption of carotenoids-analysis and properties of their common natural extracts. Curr Res Nutr food Sci J 4(Special issue Carotenoids March 2016):25–37
Kiumarsi A, Gashti MP, Salehi P, Dayeni M (2017) Extraction of dyes from Delphinium Zalil flowers and dyeing silk yarns. J Text Inst 108(1):66–70
Kulkarni SS, Gokhale AV, Bodake UM, Pathade GR (2011) Cotton dyeing with natural dye extracted from pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel. Univers J Environ Res Technol 1(2):135–139
Laitonjam WS, Wangkheirakpam SD (2011) Comparative study of the major components of the indigo dye obtained from Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees and Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Int J Plant Physiol Biochem 2(5):108–116
Lee YH, Hwang EK, Baek YM, Kim HD (2015) Deodorizing function and antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with gallnut (Galla Chinensis) extract. Text Res J 85(10):1045–1054
Lee YH, Hwang EK, Jung YJ Do SK, Kim HD (2010) Dyeing and deodorizing properties of cotton, silk, wool fabrics dyed with Amur Corktree, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Chrysanthemum boreale, Artemisia extracts. J Appl Polym Sci 115(4):2246–2253
Lee YH, Lee SG, Hwang EK, Baek YM, Cho S, Kim HD (2017) Dyeing properties and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of cotton/silk/wool fabrics dyed with myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) extract. Text Res J 87(8):1–11
Li Y, Ku SH, Chen SH, Chen SM, Ali MA, AlHemaid FM (2013) Photoelectrochemistry for red cabbage extract as natural dye to develop a dye-sensitized solar cells. Int J Electrochem Sci 8(1):1237–1245
Liu J, Zhu P, Zhao C, Sui S, Dong Z, Zhang L (2014) Study on the dyeing of wool fabrics with Phytolacca berry natural dyes. Fibers Polym 15(8):1601–1608
Macial VBV, Yoshida CM, Franco TT (2015) Chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complex as a pH indicator. Carbohydr Polym 132:537–545
Manjunatha BK (2006) Hepatoprotective activity of Pterocarpus santalinus lf, an endangered medicinal plant. Indian J Pharmacol 38(1):25–28
Micheal MN, El-Zaher NA (2005) Investigation into the effect of UV/ozone treatments on the dyeing properties of natural dyes on natural fabrics. Colourage 52:83–88
Mohsin M, Farooq A, Ashraf U, Ashraf MA, Abbas N, Sarwar N (2016) Performance enhancement of natural dyes extracted from Acacia bark using eco-friendly cross-linker for cotton. J Nat Fibers 13(3):374–381
Mongkholrattanasit R, Krystufek J, Wiener J (2010) Dyeing and fastness properties of natural dyes extracted from eucalyptus leaves using padding techniques. Fibers Polym 11(3):346–350
Mongkholrattanasit R, Krystufek J, Wiener J, Vikova M (2011a) Dyeing, fastness, and UV protection properties of silk and wool fabrics dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract by the exhaustion process. Fibres Text East Eur 19(3):94–99
Mongkholrattanasit R, Krystufek J, Wiener J, Vikova M (2011b) UV protection properties of silk fabric dyed with eucalyptus leaf extract. J Text Inst 102(3):272–279
Nahak G, Sahu RK (2010) Antioxidant activity in bark and roots of neem (Azadirachta indica) and Mahaneem (Melia azedarach). Eur J Pharm Sci 4:28–34
Nenaah G (2010) Antibacterial and antifungal activities of (beta)-carboline alkaloids of Peganum harmala (L) seeds and their combination effects. Fitoterapia 81(7):779–782
Ozguney AT, Bozaci E, Demir A, Ozdogan E (2017) Inkjet printing of linen fabrics pretreated with atmospheric plasma and various print pastes. AATCC J Res 4(1):22–27
Patrocinio AO, Murakami Iha NY (2010) Toward sustainability: solar cells sensitized by natural extracts. Quim Nova 33(3):574–578
Pourjavaher S, Almasi H, Meshkini S, Pirsa S, Parandi E (2017) Development of a colorimetric pH indicator based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) extract. Carbohydr Polym 156:193–201
Prabhu KH, Teli MD (2014) Eco-dyeing using Tamarindus indica L. seed coat tannin as a natural mordant for textiles with antibacterial activity. J Saud Chem Soc 18(6):864–872
Prusty AK, Das T, Nayak A, Das NB (2010) Colourimetric analysis and antimicrobial study of natural dyes and dyed silk. J Clean Prod 18(16):1750–1756
Rajendran R, Balakumar C, Kalaivani J, Sivakumar R (2011) Dyeability and antimicrobial properties of cotton fabrics finished with Punica Granatum extracts. J Text Appar Technol Manag 7(2):1–12
Rather LJ, Akhter S, Padder RA, Hassan QP, Hussain M, Khan MA, Mohammad F (2017) Colorful and semi durable antioxidant finish of woolen yarn with tannin rich extract of Acacia nilotica natural dye. Dyes Pigments 139:812–819
Rehman F, Adeel S, Hanif R, Muneer M, Zia KM, Zuber M, Khosa MK (2017) Modulation of Marigold based lutein dye and its dyeing behaviour using UV radiation. J Nat Fibers 14(1):63–70
Ren Y, Ding Z, Wang C, Zang C, Zhang Y, Xu L (2017) Influence of DBD plasma pretreatment on the deposition of chitosan onto UHMWPE fiber surfaces for improvement of adhesion and dyeing properties. Appl Surf Sci 369:1571–1579
Rumeau P, Tierce P, Costes S (2004) Ultrasounds: an industrial solution to optimise costs, environmental requests and quality for textile finishing. Ultrason Sonochem 11(1):33–38
San Esteban ACM, Enrriquez EP (2013) Graphene–anthocyanin mixture as photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cell. Sol Energ 98:392–399
Sengupta D, Mondal B, Mukherjee K (2015) Visible light absorption and photo-sensitizing properties of spinach leaves and beetroot extracted natural dyes. Spectrochim Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc 148:85–92
Serrano J, Puupponen Pimia R, Dauer A, Aura AM, Saura Calixto F (2009) Tannins: current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 53(2):310–329
Shahid M, Zhou Y, Tang RC, Chen G, Wani WA (2017) Colourful and antioxidant silk with chlorogenic acid: process development and optimization by central composite design. Dyes Pigments 138:30–38
Shanmugam V, Manoharan S, Anandan S, Murugan R (2013) Performance of dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with extracts from fruits of ivy gourd and flowers of red frangipani as sensitizers. Spectrochim Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spectr 104:35–40
Silva GJF, Constant PBL, Figueiredo RW, Moura SM (2010) Formulação e estabilidade de corantes de antocianinas extraÃdas das cascas de jabuticaba (Myrciaria ssp.). Alimentos e Nutrição 21(3):429–436
Simoncic B, Tomsic B (2010) Structures of novel antimicrobial agents for textiles-a review. Text Res J 80(16):1721–1737
Singh LK, Karlo T, Pandey A (2014) Performance of fruit extract of Melastoma malabathricum L. as sensitizer in DSSCs. Spectrochim Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc 118:938–943
Sinha K, Das P, Datta S (2012) Natural blue dye from Clitoria Ternatea: extraction and analysis methods. Res J Text Appar 16(2):34–38
Sivakumar V, Vijaeeswarri J, Anna JL (2011) Effective natural dye extraction from different plant materials using ultrasound. Ind Crop Prod 33(1):116–122
Smestad GP, Steinfeld A (2012) Review: photochemical and thermochemical production of solar fuels from H2O and CO2 using metal oxide catalysts. Ind Crop Prod 51(37):11828–11840
Syafinar R, Gomesh N, Irwanto M, Fareq M, IRwan YM (2015) Potential of purple cabbage, coffee, blueberry and turmeric as nature based dyes for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Energy Procedia 79:799–807
Szostak R, De Souza ECF, Antunes SRM, Borges CPF, De Adrade AVC, Rodrigues PRP, Antunes AC (2015) Anthocyanin from Vitis labrusca grape used as sensitizer in DSSC solar cells. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 26(4):2257–2262
Vankar PS, Shanker R, Srivastava J (2007) Ultrasonic dyeing of cotton fabric with aqueous extract of Eclipta alba. Dyes Pigments 72(1):33–37
Wang XF, Koyama Y, Wada Y, Sasaki SI, Tamiaki H (2007) A dye-sensitized solar cell using pheophytin–carotenoid adduct: enhancement of photocurrent by electron and singlet-energy transfer and by suppression of singlet–triplet annihilation due to the presence of the carotenoid moiety. Chem Phys Lett 439(1):115–120
Weng WC, Sheu SJ (2000) Separation of Anthraquinones by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 23(2):143–148
Win ZM, Swe MM (2008) Purification of the natural dyestuff extracted from mango bark for the application on protein fibers. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 22:536–540
Wongcharee K, Meeyoo V, Chavadej S (2007) Dye-sensitized solar cell using natural dyes extracted from rosella and blue pea flowers. Sol Energ Mater Sol Cells 91(7):566–571
Xu HX, Lee SF (2004) The antibacterial principle of Caesalpinia sappan. Phytother Res 18(8):647–651
Zajko S, Klimant I (2013) The effects of different sterilization procedures on the optical polymer oxygen sensors. Sens Actuators B Chem 177:86–93
Zheng GH, Fu HB, Liu GP (2011) Application of rare earth as mordant for the dyeing of ramie fabrics with natural dyes. Korean J Chem Eng 28(11):2148–2155
Zhou H, Wu L, Gao Y, Ma T (2011) Dye-sensitized solar cells using 20 natural dyes as sensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 219(2):188–194
Zhou Y, Yang ZY, Tang RC (2016) Bioactive and UV protective silk materials containing baicalin—the multifunctional plant extract from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Mater Sci Eng C 67:336–344
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge the team members at Eco-friendly Textile Lab for all their hard work in this novel work to explore the natural colorants. We are also thankful to organizations including AATCC, SDC, TI, RSC, ACS, and TSA who helped a lot in managing this chapter by providing related material and scientific information. We are also thankful to the students of AATCC-GCUF Chapter; Mr. Zafar Iqbal, Manager, Noor Fatima Textiles Faisalabad, Pakistan; Mr. Muhammad Abbas, Chief Executive, Harris Dyes and Chemicals Faisalabad, Pakistan; and Mr. Arshad Mayo, Sohaib Dyes and Chemicals, as well as Paragon Dyes and Chemicals Faisalabad, Pakistan, for their technical and scientific guidance at lab scale.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Adeel, S., Rehman, FU., Rafi, S., Zia, K.M., Zuber, M. (2019). Environmentally Friendly Plant-Based Natural Dyes: Extraction Methodology and Applications. In: Ozturk, M., Hakeem, K. (eds) Plant and Human Health, Volume 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03344-6_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03344-6_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03343-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03344-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)