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Vitamin E

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Plant and Human Health, Volume 2

Abstract

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that consists of four different tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers (α, β, γ and δ). Homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT) catalyses the condensation of homogentisate (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP). The HGA serves as precursors for the synthesis of tocopherols, tocotrienols and also plastoquinol-9 (PQ-9) in chloroplasts of plants. The condensation of PDP and HGA by HPT will produce intermediate product for tocopherol production. In addition, condensation of HGA and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) by homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) will produce tocotrienols. Meanwhile, tocopherol cyclase forms the chromanol head group of the various tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers. Medical evidence suggests that vitamin E especially α-tocotrienol which can be found in seeds and cereal grains protects the cells against cancer, strong antioxidant and an effective neuroprotector.

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Abbreviations

DMPBQ:

2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol

DMGGBQ:

2, 3-dimethyl-5-geranylgeranyl benzoquinol

GGDP Reductase:

geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase

GGDP:

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate

HGA:

Homogentisate

HGGT:

Homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase

HPP:

p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate

HPPD:

p-hydroxyphenolpyruvate dioxygenase

HPT:

Homogentisate phytyltransferase

MGGBQ:

2-Methyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol

PDP:

Phytyl diphosphate

PQ-9:

Plastoquinol-9

PrBQMT:

2-methyl-6-prenylbenzoquinol methyltransferase

TC:

Tocopherol cyclase

γ-TMT:

Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Umaiyal Munusamy & Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah

  2. Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Level 3, Research Management & Innovation Complex, Universiti of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Umaiyal Munusamy

Authors
  1. Umaiyal Munusamy
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  2. Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany and Centre for Environmental Studies Ege University, Vice President of the Islamic World Academy of Sciences Amann, Jordan, Izmir, Izmir, Turkey

    Munir Ozturk

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

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Munusamy, U., Abdullah, S.N.A. (2019). Vitamin E. In: Ozturk, M., Hakeem, K. (eds) Plant and Human Health, Volume 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03344-6_15

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