Abstract
Our main light source is a femtosecond laser system described extensively in the literature. The main oscillator is a Ti:Sapphire laser (Spectra Physics Tsunami 3941) pumped by a continuous wave Nd:YVO4 laser (Spectra Physics Millenia V). The oscillator delivers ≈ 100 fs pulses at a repetition rate of 80 MHz, tunable over the range 730–900 nm. The pulse energy of the Tsunami is amplified by a factor of ≈10 in a regenerative amplifier (Spectra Physics Spitfire) pumped by a Q-switched Nd:YLF laser (Spectra Physics Evolution). The amplification process reduces the repetition rate to 1 kHz, and limits the tunable range to 765–840 nm while stretching the pulses to 100–150 fs. When other wavelengths are required, the Spitfire output can either be frequency-doubled in a BBO crystal or be used to pump an optical parametric amplifier (Spectra Physics OPA-900CF-1). This extends the spectral range to 300–3000 nm when combined with second or fourth harmonic generation of the signal or the idler beam.
Parts of this chapter have been adapted with permission from Bregnhøj, M., & Ogilby, P. R. (2015). Effect of Solvent on the \({\text{O}}_{2} ({\text{X}}^{3} \Sigma_{\text{g}}^{ - } ) \to {\text{O}}_{2} ({\text{b}}^{1} \Sigma_{\text{g}}^{ + } )\) Absorption Coefficient. J. Phys. Chem. A, 119(35), 9236–9243, and Bregnhøj, M., Rodal-Cedeira, S., Pastoriza-Santos, I. & Ogilby, P. R. (2018). Light Scattering versus Plasmon Effects: Optical Transitions in Molecular Oxygen near a Metal Nanoparticle, J. Phys. Chem. C, 122(27), 15625–15634.
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Bregnhøj, M. (2019). Instrumentation and Experimental Techniques. In: The Electronic Transitions of Molecular Oxygen. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03183-1_2
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