Abstract
In order to remain on a metaphysical plane and resist physicalist notions of mediality, the idea of a “modality” is introduced, a supra-medial ideal form of aesthetic organization. With Arnheim’s help, Robert Sowers outlined three spatial modalities: the Picture, Sculpture and Architecture. A mixture of two modalities or one conceived in the mode of another is considered a hybrid. Arnheim spent a good bit of time discussing how modalities might differ, often by imagining each put to different uses (essentially the phenomenological method of imaginative variation). Spatial hybrids are all objects of vision and therefore require substantial differentiation, whereas temporal modalities are easier, owing to the fact that visual action, text and music are relatively distinct.
instead of attempting to cloister individual arts, the theory of modalities attempts to define the order of visual dynamics from which they all derive. Instead of attempting to coerce, it seeks to comprehend.
Robert Sowers, “Theory of Primary Modalities in the Visual Arts,” 275
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Notes
- 1.
This is from George Kubler, The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), 15.
- 2.
David Carrier, “Part IV: A Response to Rudolf Arnheim’s ‘To the Rescue of Art,” Leonardo 19 (1986), 251–254.
- 3.
Rudolf Arnheim, “Reply by Rudolf Arnheim,” Leonardo 19 (1986): 255.
- 4.
Robert Sowers, “A Theory of Modalities in the Visual Arts,” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 42 (1984): 271–6, 271.
- 5.
Arnheim, “The Robin and the Saint.”
- 6.
The example is due to Sowers.
- 7.
Rudolf Arnheim, “Sculpture: the Nature of a Medium,” in To the Rescue of Art (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 82–91, 84, 85.
- 8.
Sowers, Rethinking the Forms of Visual Expression, 12.
- 9.
Ingarden, Ontology of the Work of Art, 290.
- 10.
Arnheim, “Outer Space and Inner Space,” The Split and the Structure, 40.
- 11.
Sowers, Rethinking the Forms of Visual Expression, 12.
- 12.
Arnheim, The Dynamics of Architectural Form, 216.
- 13.
Arnheim, The Dynamics of Architectural Form, 217.
- 14.
Sowers, Rethinking the Forms of Visual Expression, 10.
- 15.
Ingarden, The Literary Work of Art, 322.
- 16.
Arnheim, The Dynamics of Architectural Form, 217.
- 17.
Arnheim, The Dynamics of Architectural Form, 220.
- 18.
Sowers, “A Theory of Modalities in the Visual Arts,” 272; Rethinking the Forms of Visual Expression, 12.
- 19.
Arnheim, “Notes on Seeing Sculpture.” Martin’s review was published in Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 41 (1983): 448–50.
- 20.
Arnheim, “The Reach of Reality in the Arts,” 30.
- 21.
Sowers, “A Theory of Modalities in the Visual Arts,” 274.
- 22.
Sowers, Rethinking the Forms of Visual Expression, 14.
- 23.
Sowers, Rethinking the Forms of Visual Expression, 14.
- 24.
Sowers, “A Theory of Modalities in the Visual Arts,” 272.
- 25.
Sowers, “A Theory of Modalities in the Visual Arts,” 272.
- 26.
Robert Sowers, The Language of Stained Glass (Forest Grove, Oregon: Timber Press, 1981).
- 27.
Ian Verstegen, Cognitive Iconology: When and How Psychology Explains Images (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2014), ch. 5.
- 28.
Rudolf Arnheim, review of Robert Sowers, Rethinking the Forms of Visual Expression, in Leonardo (1993): 697–8.
- 29.
Arnheim, “Neuer Laokoon,” Kritiken und Aufsätze zum Film (Munich and Vienna: Hanser, 1977), 81, 82; “New Laocoön,” 200, 201.
- 30.
Arnheim, Visual Thinking, 144.
- 31.
Arnheim, Visual Thinking, 144.
- 32.
Arnheim, “Perceptual Dynamics in Musical Expression,” 226.
- 33.
Arnheim, “Composites of Media,”
- 34.
Arnheim, Visual Thinking, 230.
- 35.
Arnheim, Visual Thinking, 230.
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Verstegen, I. (2018). The Spatial and Temporal Modalities. In: Arnheim, Gestalt and Media. SpringerBriefs in Philosophy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02970-8_6
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