Abstract
The genesis and growth of the social insurance scheme in Cyprus occurred within the timeframe of British imperial rule. This chapter considers and explores the foundations of the British colonial era. The events during the first years of the British governance of the island are of particular importance since they identify and highlight the social conditions of the Cypriot people and relate to subsequent developments in social insurance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Gottheil, 1977.
- 2.
See the work of Lee, D. (1934). Great Britain and the Cyprus Convention Policy of 1878. Cambridge: Harvard University and Hill. G., & Luke, H. (1972). A History of Cyprus. Cambridge: At the University Press.
- 3.
Richter, 2006: 11.
- 4.
Levine, 2013.
- 5.
Varnava, 2006.
- 6.
- 7.
See Kinneir, J. (1818). Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia and Koordistan in the years of 1813 and 1814. Boston: J. Murray.
- 8.
Hill, 1952: 270.
- 9.
In those days it was hardly considered necessary to consult the locals, who were realized as subjects as long as the sovereign Sultan consented.
- 10.
The Ottoman Empire agreed to the loan of Cyprus to Great Britain while retaining sovereignty over the island and collecting revenue known as “the Tribute” and based on the average amount of the taxes of the preceding five years. That amount was estimated to be approximately 90,000 pounds per year. In particular, the annual payment of £92,799 was to be commuted to the Sultan and raised by Cypriot taxation. Instead, the British Treasury used the money to amortize its burden of defaulted Ottoman loans.
- 11.
- 12.
Triseliotis, 1977.
- 13.
Hill, 1952.
- 14.
Popescu, B. (2015).
- 15.
- 16.
Varnava, 2009: 292–293.
- 17.
Correspondence, 4319, June–December 1879, Memorial to Wolseley, 16 February 1879.
- 18.
Kition is the ancient name of the city of Larnaca. The term Neon refers to New.
- 19.
Pieridou (Neon Kition 1879a: 1–2).
- 20.
Storrs, 1937: 489.
- 21.
- 22.
Letters written by ordinary Cypriots, as well as newspaper articles throughout the British administration period found in the National Archives and the Archbishop’s Archive. A more detailed discussion on the particular issue follows later in the chapter.
- 23.
Hook, 2009.
- 24.
Dixon, 1879.
- 25.
- 26.
The central administrative department established by the British, the Secretariat, oversaw and coordinated the whole work of the Government as well as the newly formed departments of the Receiver-General, Customs and Excise, Audit, Public Works, Survey and Land Registration, Forests, Police and Prisons, the Postal and Medical departments and the office of the King’s Advocate-the Government’s legal adviser.
- 27.
- 28.
Hyam, 2010.
- 29.
Low, 1878: 251.
- 30.
The Ottomans organized governmental life around divisions. Each religious community (millet) kept its own courts, schools, and welfare system.
- 31.
Sachedina, 2001.
- 32.
The government of the Ottoman Empire.
- 33.
Grosjean, P. (2010).
- 34.
- 35.
Michail, 2005.
- 36.
Michail, 2005.
- 37.
Cnaan and McGrew, 2005.
- 38.
Esping-Andersen, 1990.
- 39.
Mitchell, 1993: 16.
- 40.
The British creed of bringing “good government” in Cyprus did not differ from similar efforts of Imperial Britain to apply its own mechanisms of government throughout the Empire (see the work of Faustmann, 1999).
- 41.
Faustmann, 1999.
- 42.
Marshall, 2001.
- 43.
Marshall, 2001.
- 44.
Newsinger, 2013.
- 45.
- 46.
Midgley, James, and David Piachaud (2011).
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
Katsiaounis, 1996.
- 50.
Katsiaounis, 1996.
- 51.
Wilensky 1975.
- 52.
Esping-Andersen, 1990: 112–113.
- 53.
- 54.
Wilensky, 1975.
- 55.
Farrell and Morris (2003).
- 56.
Orr, 1918: 32.
- 57.
For instance, the British troops were sent to Cyprus in the middle of the summer with their winter uniforms.
- 58.
Orr, 1918: 66.
- 59.
Cavendish, 1991: 49.
- 60.
Hyam, 2003: 244.
- 61.
Warren, 1885.
- 62.
- 63.
Katsiaounis, 1996.
- 64.
Varnava, 2009: 110.
- 65.
Levine, 2013.
- 66.
Documents from the Cyprus National Archives indicate that only colonial government employees were eligible for retirement pensions. The first pension Scheme to be introduced in Cyprus was the Pensions Ordinance of 1882 which declared that only government employees and court judges were allowed to receive retirement pensions. See The Pensions Ordinance, 15 of 1882.
- 67.
Brown, 1896: 510–523.
- 68.
Lefkis, 1984.
- 69.
- 70.
- 71.
Mantoux and Vernon, 1964.
- 72.
Katsiaounis, 1996: 123.
- 73.
Georghallides, 1984: 23.
- 74.
Baker, 1879.
- 75.
Katsiaounis, 1996: 53.
- 76.
Katsiaounis, 1996: 29–30.
- 77.
Neon Kition, 1880a.
- 78.
- 79.
Neon Kition, 1880b: 2.
- 80.
Neon Kition, 1880b: 2.
- 81.
- 82.
Neon Kition, 1882a: 2.
- 83.
Neon Kition, 1882b: 1.
- 84.
Neon Kition on October 7, 1882a.
- 85.
The term ‘Phonie tis Kyprou’ translates to Voice of Cyprus.
- 86.
Phonie tis Kyprou, 1885a: 1–2.
- 87.
Phonie tis Kyprou, 1885b: 1–2.
- 88.
- 89.
Midgley, James, and David Piachaud (2011)
- 90.
Midgley, James, and David Piachaud, (2011). Within the British context of divide and rule Cyprus was strategically and methodically divided in 1974. The process began as soon as the British arrived in Cyprus, escalated in the 1950s (with the ‘help’ of nationalists from both communities) and led to the tragic events for Greek-Cypriots and Turkish-Cypriots firstly in 1963–64 and then in 1974. During those events thousands of innocent civilians were murdered by nationalists.
- 91.
- 92.
Letter sent to the Nicosia Commissioner Sir R. Biddulph by the inhabitants of the village of Ano Lakatameia concerning the extra taxes imposed on them while highlighting their miserable economic condition (December 1878), SA02/329.
- 93.
Katsiaounis, 1996: 102–103.
- 94.
Alitheia translates to Truth.
- 95.
Alitheia, 1887a: 2.
- 96.
- 97.
Times of Cyprus, 1887: 1.
- 98.
See Newsinger, 2013.
- 99.
Phonie tis Kyprou, 1887: 1–2.
- 100.
The term Enosis translates to unification, implying the unification of Cyprus with Greece.
- 101.
Enosis, 1888b: 1.
- 102.
The term Salpinx translates to tube.
- 103.
Salpinx, 1888c: 3.
- 104.
Heidenstam, 1890.
- 105.
Hardy, 2003.
- 106.
Neocleous and Ioakimidis, 2012.
- 107.
Katsiaounis, 1996.
- 108.
- 109.
Wright, Marston, McDonald, 2011.
- 110.
Gough, 1979.
- 111.
Harman, 1999.
- 112.
Neocleous and Ioakimidis, 2012.
- 113.
- 114.
Papadopoulos and Roumpakis, 2013: 208.
- 115.
George and Wilding, 1985.
- 116.
George and Wilding, 1985.
- 117.
Lavalette and Pratt, 2006.
- 118.
Jones and Novak, 1980.
- 119.
- 120.
Pierson, 2006.
- 121.
Papadopoulos and Roumpakis, 2013.
- 122.
The Commissioner of Nicosia in his report for 1886–87 observed that the number of taverns selling wine had risen from 381 to 505 over a five period time.
- 123.
Koufides, 1888.
- 124.
Olive, 1888.
- 125.
SA1: 1438/1888.
- 126.
A swelling caused from excessive accumulation of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities (also called dropsy or edema).
- 127.
Olive, 1888.
- 128.
Phonie tis Kyprou, 1888: 2.
- 129.
- 130.
Warren, 1880: 34.
- 131.
Katsiaounis, 1996: 111.
- 132.
The piaster refers to a number of units of currency. The term originates from the Italian for “thin metal plate”. In the Ottoman Empire, successive currency reforms had reduced the value of the Ottoman piaster by the late nineteenth century so as to be worth about two pence (2d) sterling. Piasters became subsidiary units for the Turkish, Cypriot, and Egyptian pounds. The British introduced the pound sterling unit to Cyprus in 1879 at a rate of one to 180 Turkish piasters. It remained equal in value to the pound sterling until 1972 and was initially divided into 20 shillings (σελίνι / σελίνια, şilin). The shilling was divided into 9 piasters (grosi{γρόσι}/groshia{γρόσια}, kuruş), thus establishing a nomenclature link to the previous currency. The piaster was itself divided into 40 para (kuruş). In 1878 one British pound was equal to 180 piasters.
- 133.
- 134.
Locusts could be found in millions in the late 1880s in Cyprus, so the British administration decided to exterminate them with the expenses covered through taxes.
- 135.
Salpinx, 1888c: 3.
- 136.
A unit of weight used in Turkey, equal to about 2.75 pounds or 1.24 kilograms.
- 137.
Times of Cyprus, 1888: 1.
- 138.
Enosis, 1888a: 1–2.
- 139.
Sophronios, 1888: 1. Minutes by the Queen’s Advocate on the above memorandum”, August 21, 1888.
- 140.
Motyl, 2001.
- 141.
Anthias and Yuval-Davis, 1992.
- 142.
Kymlicka, 1995.
- 143.
Yavuz, 2010.
- 144.
Knutsford, 1888: 88.
- 145.
Swettenham, 1889.
- 146.
- 147.
Sendall, 1894.
- 148.
Varnava, 2009: 167.
- 149.
- 150.
- 151.
It was estimated that £1,330,000 was paid as tribute since 1878.
- 152.
- 153.
Katsiaounis, 1996: 166.
- 154.
- 155.
- 156.
- 157.
Katsiaounis, 1996: 170.
- 158.
Salpinx, 1888b: 2.
- 159.
Alitheia, 1888: 1.
- 160.
Salpinx, 1890: 3.
- 161.
- 162.
Fantis, 2005: 29–30.
- 163.
- 164.
- 165.
Duiker and Spielvogel, 2008.
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Baker, S. (1879). Cyprus as I Saw It in 1879. London: Macmillan and Co.
Brown, E. (1896). England‘s Duty to Cyprus. The New Review, XV, N (89), 510–523.
Dixon, W. (1879). British Cyprus. London: Chapman & Hall.
Fantis, A. (2005). The Cyprus Trade Union Movement During the British Colonial Era (1878–1960). Nicosia: Fantis.
Orr, C. W. J. (1918). Cyprus Under British Rule. London: Robert Scott.
Papadopoullos, T. (1967). Orthodox Church and Civil Authority. Journal of Contemporary History, 2(4), 201–209.
The Pensions Ordinance, 15 of 1882. Nicosia: Government Print.
Theodoulou, G. (2005). The Origins and Evolution of Church-State Relations in Cyprus with Special Reference to the Modern Era. Nicosia: Theodoulou.
Triseliotis, J. (1977). Social Welfare in Cyprus. London: Zeno.
Varnava, P. (2006, November 16). Personal Interview. The Evolution of the Labour Movement in Cyprus. Nicosia, with G. Neocleous.
Varnava, P. (2009, June 16). Personal Interview. EKYSY. Nicosia, with G. Neocleous, Nicosia.
Cyprus State Archives
SA1/3349/1890. Heidenstam, F. (1890). Chief Medical officer, to F. Warren, Chief Secretary, December 19, 1890.
SA1/653/1888. Koufides, A. (1888). President of Lapithos Municipal Commission, to High Commissioner. February 16/28, 1888.
SA1/1438/1888. Olive, L. (1888). Report by Lawrence Olive, Local Commandant of Police. Famagusta, June 1, 1888.
SA1/101/1889. Swettenham, J. (1889). James Swettenham Receiver General, to Falk Warren, Chief Secretary. September 24, 1889.
Colonial Office Documents
Knutsford. (1888). Letter by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, to Sir Henry Bulwer, High Commissioner, December 19, 1888, p. 88, [C.-5812].
Sendall, W. (1894). Sir Walter Sendall, High Commissioner, to the Marquis of Ripon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, September 24, 1894, CO 67/87.
Sophronios. (1888). Translation of a Memorandum Handed to the Queens Advocate by the Archbishop of Cyprus. Sophronios in 1888 CO 67/61.
Warren, F. (1880). Report by Her Majesty’s High Commissioner for the Year 1879, Falk Warren, Commissioner of Limassol, July 29, 1879. Annual Report of Limassol District after the First Year of British Administration”, (London, 1880) p. 34, Cyprus. No. 2 (1880).
Warren, F. (1885). Report by Colonel F. Warren, Chief Secretary to the Cyprus Government, Enclosure in Mediterranean No. 22, Biddulph to F. A. Stanley, M. P. August 28, 1885, CO 883/4/5.
Newspapers
Alitheia. (1887a, February 19). Editorial: Miscellaneous, p. 2.
Alitheia. (1887b, June 11). Editorial: Again the Thieves and Criminals in General, pp. 1–2.
Alitheia. (1887c, July 9). Editorial: The Situation in Cyprus, pp. 1–2.
Alitheia. (1887d, August 20). Editorial: From the Official Newspaper of Cyprus, pp. 1–2.
Alitheia. (1888, April 16). Editorial: Miscellaneous, p. 1.
Alitheia. (1898a, February 11). Editorial: His Majesty Poverty, p. 1.
Alitheia. (1898b, June 18). Editorial: The Eternal Question, p. 1.
Alitheia. (1898c, August 20). Editorial: On Statements by the Minister of Colonies, p. 1.
Alitheia. (1898d, October 14). Editorial: Resuscitating, p. 1.
Enosis. (1888a, January 21). Editorial: The Varosiois [Varosia or Famagusta] Rally, pp. 1–2.
Enosis. (1888b, July 26). Editorial: The in Cyprus English Maladministration, pp. 1–2.
Neon Kition. (1879a, July 23). Speech, pp. 1–2.
Neon Kition. (1879b, August 13). Editorial: The British Will Not Depart, pp. 1–2.
Neon Kition. (1880a, March 6). Editorial: Pancyprian Memorandum, pp. 1–2.
Neon Kition. (1880b, October 7). Editorial: What Must We Do?, p. 2.
Neon Kition. (1882a, February 3). Editorial: What then Is the Barrier?, p. 2.
Neon Kition. (1882b, October 7). Editorial: Discussion About Cyprus, p. 1.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1885a, January 28). Editorial: The Destruction, pp. 1–2.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1885b, August 1). Editorial: [No Title], pp. 1–2.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1885c, September 20). Editorial: [No Title], p. 1.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1885d, October 3). Editorial: [No Title], p. 1.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1887, July 18). Editorial: The Situation of Cyprus, pp. 1–2.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1888, March 27). Editorial: Miscellaneous, p. 2.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1897a, September 21). Editorial: The Poverty, p. 1.
Phonie tis Kyprou. (1897b, November 30). Editorial: Asylum to the Disable, p. 1.
Salpinx. (1888a, March 12). Editorial: Noble Sentiments, p. 1.
Salpinx. (1888b, April 9). Editorial: Miscellaneous, p. 2.
Salpinx. (1888c, July 30). Editorial: A Strike, p. 3.
Salpinx. (1890, May 26). Editorial: Miscellaneous, p. 3.
Salpinx. Bleak Future. (1895, June 10). Editorial: Where is the Salvation, p. 1.
Salpinx. (1896, July 5). Editorial: Tax Collection, p. 1.
Times of Cyprus. (1887, May 23). Editorial: [No Title], p. 1.
Times of Cyprus. (1888, February 6). Prices of major products, p. 1.
Secondary Sources
Acemolu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369–1401.
Acemolu, D., García-Jimeno, C., & Robinson, J. (2012). Finding El Dorado: Slavery and Long-Run Development in Colombia. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40, 534–556.
Albertini, M., Kohli, M., & Vogel, C. (2007). Intergenerational Transfers of Time and Money in European Families. Journal of European Social Policy, 17, 319–334.
Anthias, F., & Yuval-Davis, N. (1992). Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle. London: Routledge.
Armitage, D. (2000). The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Besley, T., & Reynal-Querol, M. (2014). The Legacy of Historical Conflict: Evidence from Africa. American Political Science Review, 108(5), 319–333.
Borowiec, A. (2000). Cyprus: A Troubled Island. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Bottomore, T. (1979). Political Sociology. London: Hutchinson.
Cavendish, A. (Ed.). (1991). Cyprus 1878: The Journal of Sir Garnet Wolseley. Nicosia: Cyprus Popular Bank Culture Centre.
Cnaan, R. & Mcgrew, C. (2005). Religion and Social Welfare. In The Handbook on Religion and Social Institutions. ed. by Ebaugh, H. Berlin: Springer: 67–93.
Duiker, W., & Spielvogel, J. (2008). The Essential World History, vol, II: Since 1500 (3rd ed.). Thomson Higher Education: Belmont.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Evans, J. (2003). Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Colonies, 1830–1910. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Farrell, C., & Morris, J. (2003). The Neo-Bureaucratic State: Professionals and Managers and Professional Managers in Schools, General Practices and Social Work. Organisation, 10(1), 129–157.
Faustmann, H. (1999). Divide and Quit: The History of British Colonial Rule in Cyprus 1878–1960: Including a Special Survey of the Transitional Period, February 1959–August 1960. Mannheim: Mateo.
Ferguson, N. (2002a). Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. London: Allen Lane.
Ferguson, N. (2002b). Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World. London: Penguin.
George, V., & Wilding, P. (1985). Ideology and Social Welfare. New York: Routledge.
Georghallides, G. (1979). A Political and Administrative History of Cyprus. Nicosia: Georghallides.
Georghallides, G. (1984). Life in Cyprus in 18th and 19th Century. Nicosia: Georghallides.
Giddens, A. (1989a). Sociology. Bristol: Polity Press.
Giddens, A. (1989b). A Reply to My Critics. In D. Held & J. Thompson (Eds.), Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and his Critics (pp. 249–301). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Go, J. (2011). Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gottheil, F. (1977). On an Economic Theory of Colonialism. Journal of Economic Issues, 1(11), 83–102.
Gough, I. (1979). The Political Economy of the Welfare State. London: Macmillan.
Grosjean, P. (2010). The Institutional Legacy of the Ottoman Empire: Islamic Rule and Financial Development in South Eastern Europe. Journal of Comparative Economics, 39(2011), 1–16.
Hardy, A. (2003). The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine 1856–1900. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harman, C. (1999). A People’s History of the World. London: Bookmarks.
Heywood, A. (1997). Politics Foundations. New York: Macmillan.
Higman, B. (1995). Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834. Kingston: “The” Press, University of the West Indies.
Hill, G. (1952). A History of Cyprus (Vol. IV). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hobsbawm, E. (1987). The Age of Empire: 1875–1914. New York: Vintage Books.
Hook, G. (2009). Britons in Cyprus, 1878–1914. PhD, The University of Texas at Austin (Unpublished).
Hyam, R. (2003). Britain’s Imperial Century 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion (3rd ed.). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hyam, R. (2010). Understanding the British Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Iyer, L. (2010). Direct Versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 693–671.
Jones, C., & Novak, T. (1980). The State and Social Policy. In Capitalism, State Formation and Marxist Theory. ed. by Corrigan, P. London: Quartet.
Katsiaounis, R. (1996). Labour, Society and Politics in Cyprus During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre.
Killingray, D. (1989). Labour Exploitation for Military Campaigns in British Colonial Africa 1870–1945. Journal of Contemporary History, 24(3), 483–501.
Klitgaard, M. (2005). Welfare State Regimes and Public Sector Reforms: Searching for the Connection. University of Southern Denmark: Political Science Publications.
Kohli, M. (1999). Private and Public Transfers Between Generations: Linking the Family and the State. European Societies, 1, 81–104.
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lavalette, M., & Pratt, A. (Eds.). (2006). A Social Policy: Theories Concepts and Issues. London: Sage Publications.
Lefkis, Y. (1984). The Roots. Limassol: n.p.
Levine, P. (2013). The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset. New York: Routledge.
Low, C. (1878). A Memoir of Lieutenant General Sir Garnet J. Wolseley, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D. London: Richard Bentley & Son.
Lymbourides, A. (1985b). Studies for British Occupation in Cyprus. Nicosia: Lymbourides.
Mahoney, J. (2010). Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton Studies in Culture/Power/History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mantoux, P., & Vernon, M. (1964). The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Marshall, P. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Michail, M. (2005). The Ecumenical Patriarch, the Church of Cyprus and the Sultan: The Hierarchs as a Means of Control of the Ottoman Periphery. Ta Istorika [The Historic], 22(42), 113–138.
Midgley, J., & Piachaud, D. (2011). Colonialism and Welfare: Social Policy and the British Imperial Legacy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Mitchell, J. (1993). Co-ordination by Hierarchy In Managing the United Kingdom. ed. by Maidment, R., & Thompson, G. London: Sage.
Motyl, A. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume 1: Fundamental Themes. London: Academic Press.
Neocleous, G., & Ioakimidis, V. (2012). Social Conditions and the Labour Movement in Cyprus. In N. Peristianis, K. Phellas, & G. Amitsis (Eds.), The Social Portrait of Cyprus (pp. 45–68). Nicosia: University of Nicosia Press.
Newsinger, J. (2013). The Blood Never Dried: A People’s History of the British Empire. London: Bookmarks.
Nunn, N., & Wantchekon, L. (2011). The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa. American Economic Review, 101(7), 3221–3225.
Ochonu, M. (2009). Colonial Meltdown Northern Nigeria in the Great Depression. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Papadopoulos, T., & Roumpakis, A. (2013). Familistic Welfare Capitalism in Crisis: Social Reproduction and Anti-Social Policy in Greece. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 29(3), 204–224.
Papageorgiou, S. (1996). The First Period of the British Colonial Era in Cyprus [1878–1914]. Athens: Papazisie.
Peristianis, N. (2008). Between Nation and State. Nation, Nationalism, State, and National Identity in Cyprus. PhD, Middlesex University (Unpublished).
Pierson, C. (2006). Beyond the Welfare State? The New Political Economy of Welfare (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pitts, J. (2009). A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Popescu, B. (2015, July 7). Colonialism in Europe: Imperial Legacies in the Balkans. Paper prepared for delivery at the 2nd annual graduate workshop on Comparative Historical Research on Europe, Paris, France.
Reid, A. (2005). United We Stand: A History of Britain’s Trade Unions. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Richter, H. (2006). The Grand Game, the Balkans, the Congress of Berlin and Cyprus. In H. Faustmann & N. Peristianis (Eds.), Britain in Cyprus; Colonialism and Post-Colonialism 1878–2006 (pp. 11–17). Mannheim: Bibliopolis.
Sachedina, A. (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sharkey, L. (1961). The Trade-Unions. Sydney: Current Book Distributors.
Smelser, N. (2006). Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry. New York: Routledge.
Storrs, R. (1937). The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
Van der Linden, M., & Rojahn, J. (1990). The Formation of Labour Movements, 1870–1914: An International Perspective. Boston: Brill.
Volden, C. (2002). Delegating Power to Bureaucracies: Evidence from the States. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 18, 187–220.
Wilensky, H. (1975). The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures. Oakland: University of California Press.
Wright, S., Marston, G., & McDonald, C. (2011). The Role of Non-profit Organisations in the Mixed Economy of Welfare-to-Work in the UK and Australia. Social Policy and Administration, 45(3), 299–318.
Yavuz, M. (2010). The Evolution of Ethno-Nationalism. In Cyprus Under the Ottoman and British Systems. In E. Solomou & H. Faustmann (Eds.), Colonial Cyprus 1878–1960 (pp. 25–46). Nicosia: University of Nicosia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Neocleous, G. (2019). The Beginning of British Rule, 1878–1900. In: Social Insurance and Older People in Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02946-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02946-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-02945-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-02946-3
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)