Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Examining Diet and Foodways via Human Remains

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Activity, Diet and Social Practice

Part of the book series: Bioarchaeology and Social Theory ((BST))

Abstract

In this chapter, I will describe how dietary reconstruction, assessed via human teeth and bone, can be used as yet another way to address everyday life. Like activity reconstruction, there are several methods that osteologists employ that can speak to what an individual consumed. It is important to note that eating is much more than just a functional activity—it is a social act that can be either public or private and simultaneously incorporates many aspects of identity and practice including food choice, preparation, presentation, and consumption. Thus, when we view the skeleton as embodied remains of social and biological experiences, we can address several aspects of this day-to-day experience. As in Chapter 3, I will discuss several of these methods including, stable isotope (carbon and nitrogen), compound-specific, and dental wear analyses, in subsections.

I then present a carbon and nitrogen isotope case study, which focuses on Nubians and Egyptonubians living in the Second Cataract region of Lower Nubia during the Second Millennia BCE. This region was conquered and colonized by the Egyptian Empire in 1943 BCE and a series of fortresses were built to enforce imperial control. The indigenous Nubians living in this region are known as the C-Group. Some Nubians adopted the burial practices of the Egyptians and are thus referred to as Pharaonic. Isotopic results indicate differing diets between the C-Group and Pharaonic samples. I suggest that this is not the product of the environment, but rather these data speak to the active social choice to consume certain foods. The C-Group sample likely consumed foods that were similar to the Nubian capital city, Kerma, and the Pharaonic sample may have eaten foods that were comparable to an Egyptian diet. I suggest that for the C-Group these isotopic data may illustrate the embodiment of daily resistance to imperial control. For the Pharaonic sample, their dietary patterns may also have been agentive, as they may have used identity fluidity to their advantage in an imperial social system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The mineral portion of bone is primarily hydroxyapatite, however, several ions can substitute for hydroxyapatite (e.g., strontium or lead for calcium, and carbonate for phosphate; Burton and Katzenberg 2000; Katzenberg 2000; LeGeros et al. 1967).

  2. 2.

    The vast majority (85–90%) of the organic portion is collagen; the remaining 10–15% consists of noncollagenous proteins, proteoglycans, and lipids (Katzenberg 2000; Triffit 1980).

  3. 3.

    Excavations at Um Direiwa, a Neolithic site approximately 100 km northeast of modern Khartoum, (c. 4800 BCE) have uncovered grindstones with traces of wild sorghum and millet (Haaland 1987). Additionally, evidence of earlier sorghum domestication has been found outside the Nile Valley. At Mehel Teglinos, in the Kassala region of Sudan (eastern Sudan, bordering with modern Eritrea), recent excavations have found domesticated sorghum dating to c. 3950 BCE (Beldados and Constantini 2011; Haaland 2012).

  4. 4.

    Carbon and nitrogen analysis of fish needs to be explored; this is likely food resource of ancient Nile Valley populations. Note that Thompson et al. did analyze a Nile Perch (δ13C −14.9, δ15N 5.0), however, it was from an unknown context and unknown time period (Thompson et al. 2005).

  5. 5.

    The human skeletal remains referenced here originate from the Buhen fortress and were not retained after excavation (S.T. Smith, pers. comm.)

  6. 6.

    Excludes the Predynastic sample reported by Iacumin et al. due to temporal distance from the C-Group/Pharaonic samples (Iacumin et al. 1996).

  7. 7.

    Note that this data is not from bone collagen, but rather from hair.

  8. 8.

    Excludes the Predynastic and Twenty-sixth–Thirtieth Dynasty samples reported by Thompson et al. due to temporal distance (Thompson et al. 2005).

References

  • Adams, W. (1977). Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, C. J., Dobney, K., Weyrich, L. S., Kaidonis, J., Walker, A. W., Haak, W., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Townsend, G., Sołtysiak, A., Alt, K. W., Parkhill, J., & Cooper, A. (2013). Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions. Nature Genetics, 45(4), 450-455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, S. C. (2016). Bone morphologies and histories: Life course approaches in bioarchaeology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 159(S61), S130–S149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, S. C., & Glencross, B. A. (2010). Examining nutritional aspects of bone loss and fragility across the life course in bioarchaeology. In T. Moffat & T. Prowse (Eds.), Human diet and nutrition in biocultural perspective: Past meets present (pp. 197–222). New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera, M., Zech-Matterne, V., Lepetz, S., & Balasse, M. (in press). Crop fertility conditions in North-Eastern Gaul during the La Tène and Roman Periods: A combined stable isotope analysis of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological remains. Environmental Archaeology: The Journal of Human Paleoecology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiello, L. C., & Wheeler, P. (1995). The expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology, 36(2), 199–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alcock, J. P. (2006). Food in the ancient world. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose, S. H. (1990). Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 17(4), 431–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose, S. H., Buikstra, J., & Kruegar, H. W. (2003). Status and gender differences in diet at Mound 72, Cahokia, revealed by isotopic analysis of bone. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 22(3), 217–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose, S. H., & DeNiro, M. J. (1986). Reconstruction of African human diet using bone collagen carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. Nature, 319(23), 321–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose, H., & Norr, L. (1993). Experimental evidence for the relationship of carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate. In J. B. Lambert & G. Grupe (Eds.), Prehistoric human bone: Archaeology at the molecular level (pp. 1–37). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arensburg, B. (1996). Ancient dental calculus and diet. Human Evolution, 11(2), 139–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armelagos, G. J., Kolbacher, K., Collins, K. R., Cook, J., & Krafeld-Daugherty, M. (2001). Tetracycline consumption in prehistory. In M. Nelson, W. Hillen, & R. A. Greenwald (Eds.), Tetracyclines in biology, chemistry and medicine (pp. 219–236). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aufderheide, A. C., & Rodríguez-Martín, C. (1998). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babraj, J., Cuthbertson, D., Smith, K., Langberg, H., Miller, B., Krogsgaard, M., Kjaer, M., & Rennie, M. (2005). Collagen synthesis in human musculoskeletal tissues and skin. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 289(5), 864–869.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B. J. (1992). Collagen composition in human skeletal remains from the NAX Cemetery (A.D. 350–550) in Lower Nubia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, H., & Torrence, R. (2015). Cooking up recipes for ancient starch: Assessing current methodologies and looking to the future. Journal of Archaeological Science, 56, 194–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basha, W. A., Lamb, A. L., Zaki, M. E., Kandeel, W. A., Fares, N. H., & Chamberlain, A. T. (2018). Dietary seasonal variation in the Medieval Nubian population of Kulubnarti as indicated by the stable isotope composition of hair. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 18, 161–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, E. J., Keith, M. S., Armelagos, G. J., & Martin, D. L. (1980). Tetracycline-labeled human bone from ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350). Science, 209(4464), 1532–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bax, J. S., & Ungar, P. S. (1999). Incisor labial surface wear striations in modern humans and their implications for handedness in Middle and Late Pleistocene hominids. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 9(3), 189–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont, J., & Montgomery, J. (2015). Oral histories a simple method of assigning chronological age to isotopic values from human dentine collagen. Annals of Human Biology, 42(4), 407–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont, J., Montogomery, J., Buckberry, J., & Jay, M. (2015). Infant mortality and isotopic complexity: New approaches to stress, maternal health, and weaning. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 157(3), 441–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beldados, A., & Constantini, L. (2011). Sorghum exploitation at the Kassala and its environs, North Eastern Sudan in the second and first millennia BC. Nyame Akuma, 75, 33–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergtresser, P. R., & Taylor, J. R. (1977). Epidermal ‘turnover time’—A new examination. British Journal of Dermatology, 96(5), 503–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bescherer Metheny, K., & Beaudry, M. C. (Eds.). (2015). Archaeology of food. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bietak, M. (1968). Studien zur chronologie der Nubischen C-Gruppe: Ein beitrag zur frühgeschichte unternubiens zwischen 2200 und 1550 vor Chr. Vienna, Austria: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bocherens, H., & Drucker, D. (2003). Trophic level isotopic enrichment of carbon and nitrogen bone collagen: Case studies from recent and ancient terrestrial ecosystems. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(1–2), 46–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet, C. (1986). Kerma territoire et metropole: Quatre lecons au College de France (Vol. 9). Cairo, Egypt: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, S. A., & Carder, N. (1987). Pastoral rock art in the Horn of Africa: Making sense of udder chaos. World Archaeology, 19(2), 194–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brass, M. (2003). Tracing the origins of the Ancient Egyptian cattle cult. In A. Eyma & C. J. Bennett (Eds.), A Delta-man in Yebu: Occasional volume of the Egyptologists’ electronic forum No. 1 (pp. 101–110). Parkland, FL: Universal Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breasted, J. H. (1906). Ancient records of Egypt. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslin, P. A. S. (2013). An evolutionary perspective on food and human taste. Current Biology, 23(9), R409–R418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brickley, M., & Ives, R. (2008). The bioarchaeology of metabolic bone disease. Oxford, UK: Academic Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brill, W. (1977). Biological nitrogen fixation. Scientific American, 236(3), 68–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, K. (2017). A stable relationship: Isotopes and bioarchaeology are in it for the long haul. Antiquity, 91(358), 853–864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, K., Fuller, B. T., Tütken, T., Mays, S., & Richards, M. P. (2017). Oxygen isotope analysis of human phosphate evidences weaning age in archaeological populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 157(2), 226–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, K., Grimes, V., Niven, L., Steele, T., McPherron, S., Soressi, M., Kelly, T. E., Jaubert, J., Hublin, J.-J., & Richards, M. P. (2011). Strontium isotope evidence for migration in late Pleistocene Rangifer: Implications for Neanderthal hunting strategies at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Jonzac, France. Journal of Human Evolution, 61(2), 176–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, S., Usai, D., Jakob, T., Radini, A., & Hardy, K. (2014). Dental calculus reveals unique insights into food items, cooking and plant processing in prehistoric central Sudan. PLoS One, 9(7), e100808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buikstra, J., & Ubelaker, D. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burckhardt, J. L. (1819). Travels in Nubia. London, UK: Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, D. B. (2002). The contribution of the organic matrix to bone’s material properties. Bone, 31(1), 8–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, N. M. (2013). Stable isotope ratio analysis of breastfeeding and weaning practices of children from Medieval Fishergate House York, UK. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 152(3), 407–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, N. M., & Garvie-Lok, S. (2013). A new method of dentine microsampling of deciduous teeth for stable isotope ratio analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(11), 3854–3864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J., & Katzenberg, M. A. (2000). Strontium isotopes and the chemistry of bones and teeth. In M. A. Katzenberg & S. R. Saunders (Eds.), Biological anthropology of the human skeleton (pp. 505–514). New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butzer, K. W. (1976). Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt: A study in cultural ecology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzon, M. R. (2006). Biological and ethnic identity in New Kingdom Nubia. Current Anthropology, 47(4), 683–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buzon, M. (2011). Nubian identity in the Bronze Age: Patterns of cultural and biological variation. Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 5, 19–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzon, M., & Bombak, A. (2010). Dental disease in the Nile Valley during the New Kingdom. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 20(4), 371–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzon, M., Smith, S. T., & Simonetti, A. (2016). Entanglement and the formation of ancient Nubian Napatan state. American Anthropologist, 118(2), 284–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmody, R. N., & Wrangham, R. W. (2009). The energetic significance of cooking. Evolutionary Anthropology, 57(4), 379–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaix, L. (1996). Les boeufs a cornes paralleles: Archeologie et ethnographie. Sahara, 8, 95–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaix, L. (2001). Animals as Symbols: The bucrania of the Grave KN 24 (Kerma, Northern Sudan). In H. Buitenhuis & W. Prummel (Eds.), Animals and man in the past (pp. 364–370). Groningen, the Netherlands: ARC-Publicatie 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaix, L. (2004). Les bœufs aficains à cornes déformées: Quelques éléments de réflexion. Anthropozoologica, 39(1), 335–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaix, L., Dubosson, J., & Honegger, M. (2012). Bucrania from the Eastern Cemetery at Kerma (Sudan) and the practice of cattle horn deformation. Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, 11, 189–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaix, L., & Grant, A. (1992). Cattle in Ancient Nubia. Anthropozoologica, 16, 61–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X.-L., Hu, S.-M., Hu, Y.-W., Wang, W.-L., Ma, Y.-Y., Lü, P., & Want, C.-S. (2016). Raising practices of Neolithic livestock evidenced by stable isotope analysis in the Wei River Valley, North China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26(1), 42–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chenery, C. A., Pashley, V., Lamb, A. L., Sloane, H. J., & Evans, J. A. (2012). The oxygen isotope relationship between the phosphate and structural carbonate fractions of human bioapatite. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 26(3), 309–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm, B. S., Nelson, D. E., & Schwarcz, H. P. (1982). Stable-carbon isotope ratios as a measure of marine versus terrestrial protein in ancient diets. Science, 216(4550), 1131–1132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M., & Armelagos, G. (Eds.). (1984). Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture. New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colonese, A. C., Farrell, T., Lucquin, A., Firth, D., Charlton, S., Robson, H. K., Alexander, M., & Craig, O. E. (2015). Archaeological bone lipids as paleodietary markers. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 29(7), 611–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colonese, A. C., Lucquin, A., Guides, E. P., Thomas, R., Best, J., Fothergill, B. T., Sykes, N., Foster, A., Miller, H., Poole, K., Maltby, M., Von Tersch, M., & Craig, O. E. (2017). The identification of poultry processing in archaeological ceramic vessels uing in-situ isotope references for organic residue analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 78, 179–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conklin, B. A. (2001). Consuming grief: Compassionate cannibalism in an Amazonian society. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corr, L. T., Richards, M. P., Grier, C., Mackie, A., Beattie, O., & Evershed, R. P. (2009). Probing dietary change of the Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchį individual, an ancient glacier body from British Columbia: II. Deconvoluting whole skin and bone collagen δ13C values via carbon isotope analysis of individual amino acids. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(1), 12–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corr, L. T., Richards, M. P., Jim, S., Ambrose, S. H., Mackie, A., & Evershed, R. P. (2008). Probing dietary change of the Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchi individual, an ancient glacier body from British Columbia: I. Complementary use of marine lipid biomarker and carbon isotope signatures as novel indicators of a marine diet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(8), 2102–2110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Counihan, C. M., & Kaplan, S. L. (2013). Food and gender: Identity and power. London, UK: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, G., & Sealy, J. (1997). Investigating identity and life histories: Isotopic analysis and historical documentation of slave skeletons found on the Cape Town foreshore, South Africa. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 1(3), 207–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cristiani, E., Radini, A., Borić, D., Robson, H. K., Caricola, I., Carra, M., Mutri, G., Oxilia, G., Zupancich, A., Šlaus, M., & Vujević, D. (2018). Dental calculus and isotopes provide direct evidence of fish and plant consumption in Mesolithic Mediterranean. Scientific Reports, 8, 8147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cucina, A., Cantillo, C. P., Sosa, T. S., & Tiesler, V. (2011). Carious lesions and maize consumption among the Prehispanic Maya: An analysis of a coastal community in northern Yucatan. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 145(4), 560–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cucina, A., & Tiesler, V. (2003). Dental caries and antemortem tooth loss in the Northern Peten area, Mexico: A biocultural perspective on social status differences among the Classic Maya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 122(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darby, W. J., Ghalioungui, P., & Grivetti, L. (1977). Food: The gift of Osiris. New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W. (1984). Representation and knowledge in the prehistoric rock art of Africa. The African Archaeological Review, 2, 7–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, T. E., Mambelli, S., Plamboeck, A. H., Templer, P. H., & Tu, K. P. (2002). Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annual Review of Ecological Systems, 33, 507–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, H., & Robson Brown, K. (2013). Exploring the relationship between dental wear and status in Late Medieval subadults from England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 150(3), 433–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deines, P. (1980). The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In P. Fritz & J. Fontes (Eds.), Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry (Vol. 1, pp. 329–406). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeNiro, M. J. (1985). Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction. Nature, 317, 806–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeNiro, M. J., & Epstein, S. (1981). Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45(3), 341–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeNiro, M. J., & Schoeninger, M. J. (1983). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen: Variations within individuals, between sexes, and within populations raised on monotonous diets. Journal of Archaeological Science, 10(3), 199–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Wet, J. M. J., & Huckabay, J. P. (1967). The origin of Sorghum bicolor: Distribution and domestication. Evolution, 21(4), 787–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirar, H. A. (1993). The indigenous fermented food of the Sudan: A study of African food and nutrition. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, D. L., Goodman, A. H., & Pelto, G. H. (2013). Nutritional anthropology: Biocultural perspectives on food and nutrition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupras, T. L., & Schwarcz, H. P. (2001). Strangers in a strange land: Stable isotope evidence for human migration in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28, 1199–1208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005). Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science, 308(5728), 1635–1638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. N. (1996). Sorghum, beer and Kushite society. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 29(2), 65–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. N. (2004). Nubian past: An archaeology of the Sudan. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eerkens, J. W., Berget, A. G., & Bartelink, E. J. (2011). Estimating weaning and early childhood diet from serial micro-samples of dentin collagen. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(11), 3101–3111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • el Harake, W., Furman, M., Cook, B., Nair, K., Kukowski, J., & Brodsky, I. (1998). Measurements of dermal collagen synthesis in vivo in humans. American Journal of Physiology, 37(4), 586–591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, W. B. (1965). Egypt in Nubia. London, UK: Hutchinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdal, Y. S. (2008). Occlusal grooves in anterior dentition among Kovuklukaya inhabitants (Sinop, northern Anatolia, 10th century AD). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 18(2), 152–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, G., & Liden, K. (2013). Dietary life histories in Stone Age Northern Europe. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 32(3), 288–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eshed, V., Gopher, A., & Hershkovitz, I. (2006). Tooth wear and dental pathology at the advent of agriculture: New evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 130(2), 145–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evershed, R. P. (2007). Exploiting molecular and isotopic signals at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. Proceedings of the British Academy, 144, 141–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evershed, R. P. (2008). Organic residue analysis in archaeology: The archaeological biomarker revolution. Archaeometry, 60(6), 895–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evershed, R. P., Dudd, S. N., Copley, M. S., Berstan, R., Stott, A. W., Mottram, H., Buckley, S. A., & Crossman, Z. (2002). Chemistry of archaeological animal fats. Accounts of Chemical Research, 35(8), 660–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evershed, R. P., Turner-Walker, G., Hedges, R. E. M., Tuross, N., & Leyden, A. (1995). Preliminary results for the analysis of lipids in ancient bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22, 277–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahy, G. E., Deter, C., Pitfield, R., Miszkiewicz, J. J., & Mahoney, P. (2017). Bone deep: Variation in stable isotope ratios and histomorphometric measurements of bone remodeling within adult human. Journal of Archaeological Science, 87, 10–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, P. (1991). Homo culinarius: Towards an historical anthropology of taste. Social Science Information, 30(4), 757–790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferriman, D. (1971). Human hair growth in health and disease. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finucane, B. C. (2007). Mummies, maize, and manure: Multi-tissue stable isotope analysis of late prehistoric human remains from the Ayacucho Valley, Perú. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(12), 2115–2124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischler, C. (1988). Food, self and identity. Social Science Information, 27(2), 275–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fogel, M. L., & Tuross, N. (2003). Extending the limits of paleodietary studies of humans with compound specific carbon isotope analysis of amino acids. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30(5), 535–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Formicola, V. (1987). Neolithic transition and dental changes: The case of an Italian site. Journal of Human Evolution, 16(2), 231–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, H. M. (1969). Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone remodeling. Calcified Tissue International, 3(1), 211–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, B. (2006). Stable isotope ecology. Baton Rouge, LA: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, D. Q., Denham, T., Arroyo-Kalin, M., Lucas, L., Stevens, C. J., Qin, L., Allaby, F. G., & Purugganan, M. D. (2014). Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant domestication revealed by an expanding archaeological record. PNAS, 111(17), 6147–6152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, B. T., Fuller, J. L., Sage, N. E., Harris, D. A., O’Connell, T. C., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2005). Nitrogen balance and δ15N: Why you’re not what you eat during nutritional stress. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 19(18), 2497–2506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, D. (2004). Kawa. Sudan & Nubia, 6, 70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, C. M., Billman, B. R., Carcelén, J., & Reinhard, K. J. (2013). Tracking shifts in coca use in the Moche Valley: Analysis of oral health indicators and dental calculus microfossils. Ñawpa Pacha, 33(2), 193–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gismondi, A., D’gostino, A., Canuti, L., Di Marco, G., Martínez-Labarga, C., Angle, M., Rickards, O., & Canini, A. (2018). Dental calculus reveals diet habits and medicinal plant use in the Early Medieval Italian population of Colonna. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 20, 556–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goody, J. (1982). Cooking, cuisine and class. A study of comparative sociology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Grinsell, L. V. (2015). The ancient burial-mounds of England. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillet, C., Boirie, Y., & Walrand, S. (2004). An integrative approach to in-vivo protein synthesis measurement: From whole tissue to specific proteins. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 7(5), 531–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guiry, E. J., Hepburn, J. C., & Richards, M. P. (2016). High-resolution serial sampling for nitrogen stable isotope analysis of archaeological mammal teeth. Journal of Archaeological Science, 69, 21–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gumerman, G. (1997). Food and complex societies. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 4(2), 105–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haaland, R. (1987). Socio-economic differentiation in the Neolithic Sudan. Oxford, UK: British Archaeological Reports.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haaland, R. (1992). Fish, pots and grain: Early and Mid-Holocene adaptations in the Central Sudan. The African Archaeological Review, 10(1), 43–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haaland, R. (1995). Sedentism, cultivation, and plant domestication in the Holocene Middle Nile region. Journal of Field Archaeology, 22(2), 157–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haaland, R. (1999). The puzzle of the late emergence of domesticated sorghum in the Nile Valley. In C. Gosden & J. G. Hather (Eds.), The prehistory of food: Appetites for change (pp. 397–418). London, UK & New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haaland, R. (2012). Changing food ways as indicators of emerging complexity in Sudanese Nubia: From Neolithic agropastoralists to the Meroitic civilisation. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 47(3), 327–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hafsaas, H. (2007). Pots and people in an anthropological perspective: The C-Group people of Lower Nubia as a case study. Cahiers de Recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égyptologie de Lille, 26, 163–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halprin, K. M. (1972). Epidermal ‘turnover time’—A reexamination. British Journal of Dermatology, 86(1), 14–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastorf, C. A. (2017). The Social archaeology of food. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Haydock, H., Clarke, L., Craig-Atkins, R., Howcroft, R., & Buckberry, J. L. (2013). Weaning at Anglo-Saxon Raunds: Implications for changing breastfeeding practice in Britain over two millennia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 151(4), 604–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, R. E. M., Clement, J. G., Thomas, D. L., & O’Connell, T. C. (2007). Collagen turnover in the adult femoral mid-shaft: Modeled from anthropogenic radiocarbon tracer measurements. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133(2), 808–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges, R. E. M., & Reynard, L. M. (2007). Nitrogen isotopes and the trophic level of humans in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(8), 1240–1251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, A. G., Brooks, A. S., & Piperno, D. R. (2014). Plant foods and the dietary ecology of Neanderthals and early modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution, 69, 44–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. V. S., & Orth, M. (1998). Bone remodeling. British Journal of Orthodontics, 25(2), 101–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillson, S. W. (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hladik, C. M., Chivers, D., & Pasquet, P. (1999). On diet and gut size in non-human primates and humans: Is there a relationship to brain size? Current Anthropology, 40(5), 695–697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, K. A., & Clark, R. G. (1992). Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes II: Factors influencing diet-tissue fractionation. The Condor, 94(1), 189–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holder, S., Reitsema, L. J., Garland, C. J., Smith, A. K., Lunsford, J., Krajewska, M., & Kiozłowski, T. (2017). Addressing the inertness of bones and teeth in isotopic studies of stress and disease: A review of advances and future prospects. Poster presented at the 86 annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornsey, I. S. (2003). A history of beer and brewing. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howland, M. R., Corr, L. T., Young, S. M. M., Jones, V., Jim, S., van der Merwe, N. J., Mitchell, A. D., & Evershed, R. P. (2003). Expression of dietary isotope signal in the compound-specific δ13C values of pig bone lipids and amino acids. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(6), 54–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbe, M., Torres-Rouff, C., Neves, W. A., King, L. M., da-Gloria, P., & Costa, M. A. (2012). Dental health in Northern Chile’s Atacama oases: Evaluating the Middle Horizon (AD 500-1000) impact on local diet. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148(1), 62–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iacumin, P., Bocherens, H., Chaix, L., & Marioth, A. (1998). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as dietary indicators of ancient Nubian populations (Northern Sudan). Journal of Archaeological Science, 25, 293–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iacumin, P., Bocherens, H., Mariotti, A., & Longinelli, A. (1996). An isotopic palaeoenvironmental study of human skeletal remains from the Nile Valley. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 126(1–20), 15–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikram, S. (1995). Choice cuts: Meat production in Ancient Egypt. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikram, S. (2000). Meat processing. In P. T. Nicholson & I. Shaw (Eds.), Ancient Egyptian materials and technology (pp. 656–671). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, T. G. H. (1984). Pharaoh’s people: Scenes from life in imperial Egypt. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jim, S., Ambrose, S., & Evershed, R. P. (2004). Stable carbon isotopic evidence for differences in the dietary origin of bone cholesterol, collagen, and apatite: Implications for their use in paleodietary reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(1), 61–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katsimbri, P. (2017). The biology of normal bone remodeling. European Journal of Cancer Care, 26(6), e12740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenberg, M. A. (2000). Stable isotope analysis: A tool for studying past diet, demography, and life history. In M. A. Katzenberg & S. R. Saunders (Eds.), Biological anthropology of the human skeleton (pp. 413–441). New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenberg, M. A., & Weber, A. (1999). Stable isotope ecology and palaeodiet in the Lake Baikal region of Siberia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26, 651–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenleyside, A. (2008). Dental pathology and diet at Apallonia, a Greek Colony on the Black Sea. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 18(3), 262–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellner, C. M., & Schoeninger, M. J. (2007). A simple carbon isotope model for reconstructing prehistoric human diet. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133(4), 1112–1127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klaus, H. D., & Tam, M. E. (2010). Oral health and the postcontact adaptive transition: A contextual reconstruction of diet in Morrope, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 141(4), 594–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knudson, K. J., Aufderheide, A. C., & Buikstra, J. E. (2007). Seasonality and paleodiet in the Chiribaya polity of southern Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(3), 451–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, H. W., & Sullivan, C. H. (1984). Models for carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bone. In J. R. Turnlund & P. E. Johnson (Eds.), Stable isotopes in nutrition (Vol. 258, pp. 205–220). Cambridge, UK: American Chemical Society.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, K. L., Ungar, P. S., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Hublin, J.-J., Pérez-Pérez, A., Trinkaus, E., & Willman, J. C. (2017). Anterior dental microwear textures show habitat-driven variability in Neanderthal behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 105, 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, A. L., Evans, J. E., Buckley, R., & Appleby, J. (2014). Multi-isotope analysis demonstrates significant lifestyle changes in King Richard III. Journal of Archaeological Science, 50, 559–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, C. S. (1995). Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 185–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, C. S. (2006). The agricultural revolution as environmental catastrophe: Implications for health and lifestyle in the Holocene. Quaternary International, 150(1), 12–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, C. S. (2015). Bioarchaeology: Interpreting behavior from the human skeleton (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, C. S., Teaford, M. F., & Sandford, M. K. (1998). Teeth as tools at Tutu: Extramasticatory behavior in prehistoric St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. In J. R. Lukacs (Ed.), Human dental development, morphology and pathology (pp. 401–420). Eugene, OR: University of Oregon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Thorp, J. A. (2008). On isotopes and old bones. Archaeometry, 60(6), 925–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sealy, J. C., & van der Merwe, N. J. (1989). Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 16(6), 585–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Thorp, J., & Sponheimer, M. (2006). Contributions of biogeochemistry to understanding hominin dietary ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 49(43), 131–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeGeros, R. Z., Trautz, O. R., LeGeros, J. P., & Klein, E. (1967). Apatite crystallites: Effects of carbonate on morphology. Science, 155(3768), 1409–1411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, C., Vashro, L., O’Connell, J. F., & Henry, A. G. (2015). Plant microremains in dental calculus as a record of plant consumption: A test with Twe forager-horticulutralists. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2, 449–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lévi-Strauss, C. (1966). The raw and the cooked. New York, NY: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieverse, A. R. (1999). Diet and aetiology of dental calculus. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 9(4), 219–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lillie, M., & Richards, M. (2000). Stable isotope analysis and dental evidence of diet at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Ukraine. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27(10), 965–972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lingström, P., van Houte, J., & Kashket, S. (2000). Food starches and dental caries. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 11(3), 366–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Listi, G. A. (2011). Bioarchaeological analysis of diet during the Coles Creek Period in the Southern Lower Mississippi Valley. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 144(1), 30–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littleton, J., & Frohlich, B. (1993). Fish-eaters and farmers: Dental pathology in the Arabian Gulf. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 92(4), 427–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longin, R. (1971). New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. Nature, 230, 241–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubell, D., Jackes, M., Schwarcz, H., Knyf, M., & Meiklejohn, C. (1994). The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Portugal: Isotopic and dental evidence of diet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21(2), 201–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J. R. (2017a). Bioarchaeology of oral health: Sex and gender differences in dental disease. In S. C. Agarwal & J. K. Wesp (Eds.), Exploring sex and gender in bioarchaeology (pp. 263–291). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J. R. (2017b). Dental adaptations of Bronze Age Harappans: Occlusal wear, crown size, and dental pathology. International Journal of Paleopathology, 18, 69–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J. R., & Largaespada, L. L. (2006). Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: Saliva, hormones, and “life history” etiologies. American Journal of Human Biology, 18(4), 540–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, J. R., & Pastor, R. F. (1988). Activity-inducted patterns of dental abrasion in prehistoric Pakistan: Evidence from Mehrgarh and Harappa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76(3), 377–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, T. D. B., & Baxter, M. S. (1978). Stable carbon isotopes in human tissues. Nature, 48, 187–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macko, S. A., Engel, M. H., Andrusevich, V., Lubec, G., O’Connell, T. C., & Hedges, R. E. M. (1999). Documenting the diet in ancient human populations through stable isotope analysis of hair. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 354, 65–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, P., Schmidt, C. W., Deter, C., Remy, A., Slavin, P., Johns, S. E., & Miszkiewicz, J. J. (2016). Deciduous enamel 3D microwear texture analysis as an indicator of childhood diet in medieval Canterbury, England. Journal of Archaeological Science, 66, 128–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarewicz, C. A. (2016). Toward an integrated isotope zooarchaeology. In G. Grupe & C. G. McGlynn (Eds.), Isotopic landscapes in bioarchaeology (pp. 189–209). Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Makarewicz, C. A., & Sealy, J. (2015). Dietary reconstruction, mobility, and the analysis of ancient skeletal tissues: Expanding the prospects of stable isotope research in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 56, 146–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariotti Lippi, M., Pisaneschi, L., Sarti, L., Lari, M., & Moggi-Cecchi, J. (2017). Insights into the Copper-Bronze Age diet in central Italy: Plant microremains in dental calculus from Grotta dello Scoglietto (Southern Tuscany, Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 15, 30–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, F., & Hildebrand, E. (2002). Cattle before crops: The beginning of food production in Africa. Journal of World Prehistory, 16(2), 99–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsteller, S. J., Knudson, K. J., Gordon, G. G., & Anbar, A. D. (2017). Biogeochemical reconstructions of life histories as a method to assess regional interactions; Stable oxygen and radiogenic strontium isotopes and Late Intermediate Period mobility on the Central Peruvian Coast. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 13, 535–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mays, S. (2010). The archaeology of human bones. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mays, S. (2016). A study of the potential of deciduous incisor wear as an indicator of weaning using a human skeletal population. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26(4), 725–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McManus-Fry, E., Knecht, R., Dobney, K., Richards, M. P., & Britton, K. (2018). Dog-human dietary relationships in Yup’ik western Alaska: The stable isotope and zooarchaeological evidence from pre-contact Nunalleq. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17, 964–972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, N. I. (1984). The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 39(2), 338–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mekota, A.-M., Grupe, G., Ufer, S., & Cuntz, U. Serial analysis of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes in hair: Monitoring starvation and recovery phases of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2006, 2006(10), 1604–1610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, Y., Zhang, H.-Q., Pan, F., He, Z.-D., Shao, J.-L., & Ding, Y. (2011). Prevalence of dental caries and tooth wear in a Neolithic population (6700-5600 years BP) from northern China. Archives of Oral Biology, 56(11), 1424–1435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méry, S., & Tengberg, M. (2009). Food for eternity? The analysis of a date offering from a 3rd millennium BC grave at Hili N, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates). Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(9), 2012–2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messer, E. (1984). Anthropological perspectives on diet. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13(1), 205–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mickleburgh, H. L. (2016). Dental wear and pathology in the Precolonial Caribbean: Evidence for dietary change in the ceramic age. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26(2), 290–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milton, K. (1999). A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology, 8(1), 11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mintz, S. W., & Du Bois, C. M. (2002). The anthropology of food and eating. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 99–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar, P. (2008). Dental wear and oral pathology: Possible evidence and consequences of habitual use of teeth in a Swedish Neolithic Sample. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 136(4), 423–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar, P. (2011). Extramasticatory dental wear reflecting habitual behavior and health in past populations. Clinical Oral Investigations, 15(5), 681–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., Phillips, S., Babraj, J., Smith, K., & Rennie, M. (2005). Myofibrillar and collagen protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle in young men after maximal shortening and lengthening contractions. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 288(6), 1153–1159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mora, A., Arriaza, B. T., Standen, V. G., Valdiosera, C., Salim, A., & Smith, C. (2017). High-resolution palaeodietary reconstruction: Amino acid δ 13C analysis of keratin from single hairs of mummified human individuals. Quaternary International, 436(A), 96–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munson, P. J. (1976). Archaeological data on the origins of cultivation in the Southwestern Sahara and their implications for West Africa. In J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet, & A. B. L. Stemler (Eds.), Origins of African plant domestication (pp. 187–209). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, M. A. (2000). Legends of ancient Egypt. Mineola. NY: Dover Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naito, Y. I., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., Drucker, D. G., & Bocherens, H. (2013a). Nitrogen isotopic composition of collagen amino acids as an indicator of aquatic resource consumption: Insights from Mesolithic and Epipalaeolithic archaeological sites in France. World Archaeology, 45(3), 338–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naito, Y. I., Chikaraishi, Y., Ohkouchi, N., & Yoneda, M. (2013b). Evaluation of carnivory in inland Jomon hunter-gatherers based on nitrogen isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in bone collagen. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(7), 2913–2923.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nystrom, P. (2016). Deciduous enamel 3D microwear texture analysis as an indicator of childhood diet in medieval Canterbury, England. Journal of Archaeological Science, 66, 128–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, T. C., & Hedges, R. E. M. (1999). Isotopic comparison of hair and bone: Archaeological analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(6), 661–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, T. C., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2001). Isolation and isotopic analysis of individual amino acids from archaeological bone collagen: A new method using RP-HPLC. Archaeometry, 43(3), 421–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, T. C., Hedges, R. E. M., Healy, M. A., & Simpson, A. H. R. W. (2001). Isotopic comparison of hair, nail and bone: Modern analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28, 1247–1255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, T. C., Kneale, C. J., Tasevska, N., & Kuhnle, G. G. C. (2012). The diet-body offset in human nitrogen isotopic values: A controlled dietary study. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149(3), 426–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D. (1993). Ancient Nubia: Egypt’s rival in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt, A. M., Travers, R., Rauch, F., & Glorieux, F. H. (2000). Structural and cellular changes during bone growth in healthy children. Bone, 27(4), 487–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, J. A., Haddow, S. D., Hillson, S. W., Knüsel, C. J., Larsen, C. S., & Sadvari, J. W. (2015). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis and dietary reconstruction through the life course at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Journal of Social Archaeology, 15(2), 210–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, A. M., Bardow, A., Jenson, S. B., & Nauntofte, B. (2002). Saliva and gastrointestinal functions of taste, mastication, swallowing and digestion. Oral Diseases, 8(3), 117–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pestle, W. J., Crowley, B. E., & Weirauch, M. T. (2014). Quantifying inter-laboratory variability in stable isotope analysis of ancient skeletal remains. PLoS One, 9(8), e102944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, S., Crowder, C., Harrington, L., & Brown, M. (2006). Secondary osteon and haversian canal dimensions as behavioral indicators. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 131(4), 460–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, A. M., Ditchfield, P., Piva, E., Wallis, S., Fayls, C., & Ford, S. (2012). ‘Sprouting like cockle amongst the wheat’: The St. Brice’s Day massacre and the isotopic analysis of human bones from St. John’s College, Oxford. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 31(1), 83–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power, R. C., Salazar-Garcia, D. C., Wittig, R. M., & Henry, A. G. (2014). Assessing use and suitability of scanning electron microscopy in the analysis of micro remains in dental calculus. Journal of Archaeological Science, 49, 160–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power, R. C., Salazar-Garcia, D. C., Straus, L. G., González Morales, M. R., & Henry, A. G. (2015a). Microremians from El Mirón Cave human dental calculus suggest a mixed plant-animal subsistence economy during the Magdalenian in Northern Iberia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 60, 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power, R. C., Salazar-Garcia, D. C., Wittig, R. M., Freiberg, M., & Henry, A. G. (2015b). Dental calculus evidence of Taï Forest Chimpanzee plant consumption and life history transitions. Scientific Reports, 5, 15161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power, R. C., Salazar-Garcia, D. C., Rubini, M., Darlas, A., Harvati, K., Walker, M., Hublin, J.-J., & Henry, A. G. (2018). Dental calculus indicates widespread plant use within the stable Neanderthal dietary niche. Journal of Human Evolution, 119, 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, T. D., & Burton, J. H. (2012). An introduction to archaeological chemistry. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, T. D., Meiggs, D. C., Weber, M.-J., & Pike-Tay, A. (2017). The migration of Late Pleistocene reindeer: Isotopic evidence from Northern Europe. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 9(3), 371–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prowse, T. L., Saunders, S. R., Schwarcz, H. P., Garnsey, P., Macchiarelli, R., & Bondioli, L. (2008). Isotopic and dental evidence for infant and young child feeding practices in an Imperial Roman skeletal sample. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 137(3), 294–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radini, A., Nikita, E., Buckley, S., Copeland, L., & Hardy, K. (2017). Beyond food: The multiple pathways for inclusion of materials into ancient dental calculus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 162(S63), 71–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, M. P., & Hedges, R. E. M. (1999). Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the types of marine foods used by late Mesolithic humans as sites along the Atlantic coast of Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(6), 717–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robling, A. G., Duijvelaar, K. M., Geevers, J. V., Ohashi, N., & Turner, C. H. (2001). Modulation of appositional and longitudinal bone growth in the rat ulna by applied static and dynamic force. Bone, 29(2), 105–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, J. (1984). Ancient lives: Daily life in Egypt of the Pharaohs. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozin, P. (1996). The socio-cultural context of eating and food choice. In H. L. Meiselman & H. J. H. MacFie (Eds.), Food choice, acceptance and consumption (pp. 83–104). London, UK: Chapman & Hall.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Saffirio, L. (1972). Food and dietary habits in ancient Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution, 1(3), 297–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saitoh, M., Uzuka, M., & Sakamoto, M. (1967). Rate of hair growth. In W. Montagna & R. L. Dobson (Eds.), Advances in biology of skin IX: Hair growth (pp. 183–201). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samman, P. D., & Fenton, D. A. (1986). The nails in disease. London, UK: William Heinemann Medical Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, D. (1996a). Archaeology of ancient Egyptian beer. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 54(1), 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, D. (1996b). Investigation of ancient Egyptian baking and brewing methods by correlative Microscopy. Science, 273(5274), 488–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, D. (2000). Brewing and baking. In P. T. Nichols & I. Shaw (Eds.), Ancient Egyptian materials and technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, P. A., Sponheimer, M., Lee-Thorp, J., & Van Gerven, D. (2014). Intra-tooth stable isotope analysis of dentine: A step toward addressing selective mortality in the reconstruction of life history in the archaeological record. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 155(2), 281–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandias, M., & Müldner, G. (2015). Diet and herding strategies in a changing environment: Stable isotope analysis of Bronze Age and Late Antique skeletal remains from Ya’amūn, Jordan. Journal of Archaeological Science, 63, 24–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1949). A Buhen stela from the Second Intermediate Period (Khartūm No.18). The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 35, 50–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1984). The Scandinavian joint expedition to Sudanese Nubia 1961-1964. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 17(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Säve-Söderbergh, T. (1989). Middle Nubian sites. Partille, Denmark: Paul Astrom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Säve-Söderbergh, T., & Troy, L. (1991). New Kingdom Pharaonic sites: The finds and the sites Scandanavian Joint Expedition to Nubia (Vol. 5). Oslo, Sweden: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. W. (2001). Dental microwear evidence for a dietary shift between two nonmaize-reliant prehistoric human populations from Indiana. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114(2), 139–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. W. (2010). On the relationship of dental microwear to dental macrowear. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 142(1), 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. W., Beach, J. J., McKinley, J. I., & Eng, J. T. (2016). Distinguishing dietary indicators of pastoralists and agriculturalists via dental microwear texture analysis. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 4, 014008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeninger, M. J. (1985). Trophic level effects on 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios in bone collagen and strontium levels in bone mineral. Journal of Human Evolution, 14, 515–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeninger, M. J. (2011). Diet reconstruction and ecology using stable isotope ratios. In C. S. Larsen (Ed.), A companion to biological anthropology (pp. 445–464). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeninger, M. J., & DeNiro, M. J. (1984). Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48(4), 625–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeninger, M. J., Iwaniec, U. T., & Glander, K. E. (1997). Stable isotope ratios indicate diet and habitat use in New World Monkeys. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 103(1), 69–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeninger, M. J., Iwaniec, U. T., & Nash, L. T. (1998). Ecological attributes recorded in stable isotope ratios of arboreal prosimian hair. Oecologia, 113(2), 222–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeninger, M. J., & Moore, K. (1992). Bone stable isotope studies in archaeology. Journal of World Prehistory, 6(2), 247–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeninger, M. J., & Peebles, C. S. (1981). Effect of mollusc eating on human bone strontium levels. Journal of Archaeological Science, 8(4), 391–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H., O’Connell, T. C., Evans, J. A. S., Shuler, K. A., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2009). Trans-atlantic slavery: Isotopic evidence for forced migration to Barbados. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139(4), 547–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schurr, M. R. (1998). Using stable nitrogen-isotopes to study weaning behavior in past populations. World Archaeology, 30(2), 327–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, H. P., Dupras, T. L., & Gairgrieve, S. I. (1999). 15N enrichment in the Sahara: In search of a global relationship. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(6), 629–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, H. P., Melbye, J., Katzenberg, M. A., & Knyf, M. (1985). Stable isotopes in human skeletons of southern Ontario: Reconstructing paleodiet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 12(3), 187–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. M., & Halcrow, S. E. (2017). Investigating weaning using dental microwear analysis: A review. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 11, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. S., Ungar, P. S., Bergstrom, T. S., Brown, C. A., Childs, B. E., Teaford, M. F., & Walker, A. (2005). Dental microwear texture analysis reflects diets of living primates and fossil hominins. Nature, 436, 693–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. S., Ungar, P. S., Bergstrom, T. S., Brown, C. A., Childs, B. E., Teaford, M. F., & Walker, A. (2006). Dental microwear texture analysis: Technical considerations. Journal of Human Evolution, 51(4), 339–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sealy, J., Armstrong, R., & Schrire, C. (1995). Beyond lifetime averages: Tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity, 69(263), 290–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sealy, J. C., Merwe, N. J. v. d., Lee-Thorp, J. A., & Lanham, J. (1987). Nitrogen isotope Ecology in Southern Africa: Implications for environmental and dietary tracing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(10), 2707–2717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shellis, R. P., Featherstone, J. D. B., & Lussi, A. (2006). Understanding the chemistry of dental erosion. In A. Lussi & C. Ganss (Eds.), Erosive tooth wear: From diagnosis to therapy (Vol. 25, pp. 163–179). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, J., O’Connell, T. C., Black, S., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2004). Differentiating bone osteonal turnover rates by density fractionation: Validation using the bomb 14C atmospheric pulse. Radiocarbon, 46(2), 853–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skedros, J. G., Knight, A. N., Clark, G. C., Crowder, C. M., Dominguez, V. M., Qiu, S., Mulhern, D. M., Donahue, S. W., Busse, B., Hulsey, B. I., Zedda, M., & Sorenson, S. M. (2013). Scaling of Haversian canal surface area to secondary osteon bone volume in ribs and limb bones. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 151(2), 230–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. N., & Epstein, S. (1971). Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiology, 47(3), 380–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. T. (1992). Intact tombs of the Seventeeth and Eighteenth Dynasties from Thebes and the New Kingdom burial system. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo, 48, 193–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. T. (1995). Askut in Nubia: The economics and ideology of Egyptian imperialism in the Second Millennium BC. London, UK: Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. T. (1997). State and empire in the Middle and New Kingdom. In J. Lustig (Ed.), Anthropology and Egyptology: A developing dialogue (Vol. 8, pp. 66–89). Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. T. (1998). Nubia and Egypt: Interaction, acculturation, and secondary state formation from the Third to First Millennium B.C. In J. G. Cusick (Ed.), Studies in culture contact: Interaction, culture change and archaeology (pp. 256–287). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. T. (2003). Wretched Kush: Ethnic identities and boundaries in Egypt’s Nubian Empire. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. T. (2013). The garrison and inhabitants: A view from Askut. In F. Jesse & C. Vogel (Eds.), The power of walls (pp. 269–292). Köln, Germany: Heinrich-Barth-Institut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. T., & Buzon, M. (2014). Identity, commemoration, and remembrance in colonial encounters: Burials at Tombos during the Egyptian New Kingdom Nubian Empire and its aftermath. In B. W. Porter & A. T. Boutin (Eds.), Remembering the dead in the ancient Near East: Recent contributions from bioarchaeology and mortuary archaeology (pp. 185–216). Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobal, J., Bisogni, C. A., & Jastran, M. (2014). Food choice is multifaceted, contextual, dynamic, multilevel, integrated, and diverse. Mind, Brain, and Education, 8(1), 6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somerville, A. D., Martin, M. A., Hayes, L. P., Hayward, D., Walker, P. L., & Schoeninger, M. J. (2017). Explorign patterns and pathways of dietary change: Preferred foods, oral health, and stable isotope analysis of hair from the Dani of Mulia, Papua, Indonesia. Current Anthropology, 58(1), 31–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stenhouse, M. J., & Baxter, M. S. (1976). Glasgow University radiocarbon measurements VIII. Radiocarbon, 18(2), 161–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stenhouse, M. J., & Baxter, M. S. (1979). The uptake of bomb 14C in humans. In R. Berger & H. Suess (Eds.), Radiocarbon Dating (pp. 324–341). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stott, A. W., & Evershed, R. P. (1996). δ13C analysis of cholesterol preserved in archaeological bones and teeth. Analytical Chemistry, 68(24), 4402–4408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szpak, P., Millaire, J.-F., White, C. D., & Longstaffe, F. J. (2014). Small scale camelid husbandry on the north coast of Peru (Virú Valley): Insight from stable isotope analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 36, 110–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tayles, N., Domett, K., & Nelson, K. (2000). Agriculture and dental caries? The case of rice in prehistoric Southeast Asia. World Archaeology, 32(1), 68–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tayles, N. G., Domett, K., & Halcrow, S. E. (2009). Can dental caries be interpreted as evidence of farming? The Asian experience. Frontiers of Oral Biology, 13, 162–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teaford, M. F., & Oyen, O. J. (1989). In vivo and in vitro turnover in dental microwear. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 80(4), 447–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Temple, D. H., & Larsen, C. S. (2007). Dental caries prevalence as evidence for agriculture and subsistence variation during the Yayoi Period in Prehistoric Japan: Biocultural interpretations of an economy in transition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 134(4), 501–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, A. H., Chaix, L., & Richards, M. P. (2008). Stable Isotopes and diet at Ancient Kerma, Upper Nubia (Sudan). Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(2), 376–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, A. H., Richards, M. P., Shortland, A., & Zakrzewski, S. R. (2005). Isotopic palaeodiet studies of Ancient Egyptian fauna and humans. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(3), 451–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tieszen, L. L., & Fagre, T. (1993). Effect of diet quality and composition on the isotopic composition of respiratory CO2, bone collagen, bioapatite, and soft tissues. In J. B. Lambert & G. Grupe (Eds.), Prehistoric human bone: Archaeology at the molecular level (pp. 121–155). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tomczyk, W., Giersz, M., Sołtysiak, A., Kamenov, G., & Krigbaum, J. (in press). Patterns of camelid management in Wari Empire reconstructed using multiple stable isotope analysis: Evidence from Castillo de Huarmey, northern coast of Peru. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Török, L. (2009). Between two worlds: The frontier region between ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC-AD 500. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Towers, J., Gledhill, A., Bond, J., & Montgomery, J. (2014). An investigation of cattle birth seasonality using δ13C and δ18O profiles within first molar enamel. Archaeometry, 56(S1), 208–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triffit, J. T. (1980). The organic matrix of bone tissue. In M. R. Urist (Ed.), Fundamental and clinical bone physiology (pp. 45–82). Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B. (1976). Nubia under the Pharoahs. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripp, J. A., McCullagh, J. S. O., & Hedges, R. E. M. (2006). Preparative separation of underivatized amino acids for compound-specific stable isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating of hydrolyzed bone collagen. Journal of Separation Science, 29(1), 41–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutaya, T., & Yoneda, M. (2015). Reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices using stable isotope and trace element analysis: A review. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 156(S59), 2–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B. L., Klaus, H. D., Livengood, S. V., Brown, L. E., Saldaña, F., & Wester, C. (2013). The variable roads to sacrifice: Isotopic investigations of human remains from Chotuna-Huaca de los Sacrificios, lambayeque, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 151(1), 22–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C. G. (1979). Dental anthropological indications of agriculture among the Jomon people of Central Japan. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 51(4), 619–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twiss, K. (2012). The archaeology of food and social diversity. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20(4), 357–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulijaszek, S., Mann, N., & Elton, S. (2012). Evolving human nutrition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, P. S., Grine, F. E., & Teaford, M. F. (2006). Diet in early Homo: A review of the evidence and a new model of adaptive versatility. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 209–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, P. S., Scott, R. S., Scott, J. R., & Teaford, M. (2008). Dental microwear analysis: Historical perspectives and new approaches. In J. Irish & G. C. Nelson (Eds.), Technique and application in dental anthropology (pp. 389–425). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Valentin, F., Bocherens, H., Gratuze, B., & Sand, C. (2006). Dietary patterns during the late prehistoric/historic period in Cikobia island (Fiji): Insights from stable isotopes and dental pathologies. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(10), 1396–1410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Merwe, N. J., & Vogel, J. C. (1978). 13C content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in Woodland North America. Nature, 276, 815–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Klinken, G. J. (1991). Dating and dietary reconstruction by isotopic analysis of amino acids in fossil bone collagen—With special references to the Caribbean. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vodanović, M., Peroš, K., Zukanović, A., Knežević, M., Novak, M., Šlaus, M., & Brkić, H. (2012). Periodontal diseases at the transition from the late antique to the early mediaeval period in Croatia. Archives of Oral Biology, 57(10), 1362–1376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J. C., & van der Merwe, N. J. (1977). Isotopic evidence for early maize cultivation in New York State. American Antiquity, 42(2), 238–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T. T., Fuller, B. T., Wei, D., Chang, X. E., & Hu, Y. W. (2016). Investigating dietary patterns with stable isotope ratios of collagen and starch grain analysis of dental calculus at the Iron Age Cemetery Site of Heigouliang, Xinjiang, China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26(4), 693–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warinner, C., Rodrigues, J. F. M., Vyas, R., Trachsel, C., Shved, N., Grossmann, J., & Cappellini, E. (2014). Pathogens and host immunity in the ancient human oral cavity. Nature Genetics, 46, 336–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warinner, C., Speller, C., & Collins, M. J. (2015). A new era in palaeomicrobiology: Prospects for ancient dental calculus as a long-term record of the human oral microbiome. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 370, 20130376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters-Rist, A. L., Bazaliiskii, V. I., Weber, A. W., & Katzenberg, M. A. (2011). Infant and child diet in Neolithic hunter-fisher-gatherers from Cis-Baikal, Siberia: Intra-long bone stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 146(2), 225–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. T. (2008). Changes in food processing and occlusal dental wear during the Early Agricultural Period in Northwest Mexico. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 135(1), 92–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. T., Arriaza, B. T., Standen, V. G., & Ovalle, I. M. (2013). Tooth wear related to marine foraging, agro-pastoralism and the Formative transition on the Northern Chilean Coast. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23(3), 287–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wengrow, D. (2001). Rethinking ‘cattle cults’ in early Egypt: Towards a prehistoric perspective on the Narmer Palette. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 11(1), 91–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, C. D. (1993). Isotopic determination of seasonality in diet and death from Nubian mummy hair. Journal of Archaeological Science, 20(6), 657–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, C. D., & Armelagos, G. J. (1997). Osteopenia and stable isotope ratios in bone collagen of Nubian female mummies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 103(2), 185–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, C. D., Longstaffe, F. J., & Law, K. R. (1999). Seasonal stability and variation in diet as reflected in human mummy tissues from the Kharga Oasis and the Nile Valley. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 147(3–4), 209–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, C. D., Nelson, A. J., Longstaffe, F. J., Grupe, G., & Jung, A. (2009). Landscape bioarchaeology at Pacatnamu, Peru: Inferring mobility from δ13C and δ15N values of hair. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(7), 1527–1537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, C. D., & Schwarcz, H. P. (1994). Temporal trends in stable isotopes for Nubian mummy tissues. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 93(2), 165–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B. B. (1986). Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan frontier, The A-Group royal cemetery at Qustul: Cemetery L (Vol. 1). Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B. B. (1991). A prospectus for exploring the historical essence of Ancient Nubia. In W. V. Davies (Ed.), Egypt and Africa (pp. 74–91). London, UK: British Museum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. S., & Katzenberg, M. A. (2012). Seasonal fluctuations in diet and death during the late horizon: A stable isotopic analysis of hair and nail from the central coast of Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(1), 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. S., White, C. D., & Longstaffe, F. J. (2005). Trophic level and macronutrient shift effects associated with the weaning process in the Postclassic Maya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128(4), 781–790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, J. B., & Nadeau, R. (Eds.). (2015). A companion to food in the ancient world. Chicester, UK: Wiley Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willmes, M., Kinsley, L., Moncel, M. H., Armstrong, R. A., Aubert, M., Eggins, S., & Grün, R. (2016). Improvement of laser ablation in situ micro-analysis to identify diagenetic alteration and measure strontium isotope ratios in fossil human teeth. Journal of Archaeological Science, 70, 102–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H. (2001). Egyptian food and drink. Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrangham, R. W. (2009). Catching fire: How cooking made us human. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrangham, R. W., Jones, J. H., Laden, G., Pilbeam, D., & Conklin-Brittain, N. (1999). The raw and the stolen: Cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current Anthropology, 40(5), 567–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, F., Zhang, H., Wang, T., Hu, Y., & Fuller, B. T. (2018). Breastfeeding, weaning, and dietary practices during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1122–771 BC) at Boyangcheng, Anhui Province, China. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 165(2), 343–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, R., & Thompson, G. (1999). Missing plant foods? Where is the archaeobotanical evidence for sorghum and finer millet in East Africa. In M. van der Veen (Ed.), The exploitation of plant resources in Ancient Africa (pp. 63–72). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands

    Sarah Schrader

Authors
  1. Sarah Schrader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Schrader, S. (2019). Examining Diet and Foodways via Human Remains. In: Activity, Diet and Social Practice. Bioarchaeology and Social Theory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02544-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02544-1_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-02543-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-02544-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation