Abstract
The emergence of new anti-establishment parties like the British National Party (BNP), UK Independence Party (UKIP), the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), and to some extent, the Front National in France has raised questions about the way political scientists have analyzed party placement and what social cleavages can predict. Social cleavages have traditionally been used to understand political alignment and parties of Western Europe. They have been vital in electoral decisions because they consistently provide a stabilizing force and can serve as predictors not only as to how a person might vote, but where they stand on particular issues. Additionally, perceptions of threats from outside groups have typically been highlighted as a mainspring for anti-immigrant perceptions and behavior. However, these threats have often been abstractly or unclearly defined, creating confusion as to how economic or cultural threats operate as isolated forces. The importance of nativism and populism as general sources of anti-immigrant sentiments and behavior can be utilized to help more directly measure the individual impact of economic or cultural concerns.
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Daigle, D.T., Neulen, J., Hofeman, A. (2019). Literature Review. In: Populism, Nativism, and Economic Uncertainty. Europe in Crisis. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02435-2_2
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