Abstract
On a wintery evening in November 1966, The Beatles arrived at EMI’s Abbey Road to begin work on what would become ‘Strawberry Fields Forever’ (1967). Over the course of four weeks, The Beatles recorded a further 25 takes each with a different approach, or an alternate arrangement, sometimes at different tempos or even in different musical keys. In doing so, John Lennon and George Martin were appraising each of the track’s alternative takes, selecting some performances over others. This chapter briefly outlines the theoretical framework used throughout this book to explore the creative process of commercial record production and presents the idea that creativity occurs through the interaction between an agent, a knowledge system and their related social context (Csikszentmihalyi 1997). Creative products, such as records, are therefore result of a creative system in action (McIntyre 2012).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
These ideas are explored in more depth in the following chapter.
References
Bates, E. (2008). Social Interactions, Musical Arrangement, and the Production of Digital Audio in İstanbul Recording Studios. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Berger, A. A. (1995). The Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Boden, M. (2004). The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Society, Culture and Person: A Systems View of Creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The Nature of Creativity: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives (pp. 325–329). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: HarperCollins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Wolfe, R. (2000). New Conceptions and Research Approaches to Creativity: Implications for a Systems Perspective of Creativity in Education. In K. A. Heller, et al. (Eds.), International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent (2nd ed., pp. 81–93). Oxford: Elsevier.
Fitzgerald, J. (1996). Down Into the Fire: A Case Study of a Popular Music Recording Session. Perfect Beat: The Pacific Journal of Research into Contemporary Music and Popular Culture, 5(3), 63–77.
Gracyk, T. (1996). Rhythm and Noise an Aesthetic of Rock. London: I.B.Tauris.
Hennion, A. (1990). The Production of Success: An Anti-musicology of the Pop Song. In S. Frith & A. Goodwin (Eds.), On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word (pp. 185–206). London: Routledge.
Hennion, A. (2005). The Pragmatics of Taste. In M. Jacobs & N. Hanrahan (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Culture (pp. 131–144). Oxford: Blackwell.
Kerrigan, S. (2013). Accommodating Creative Documentary Practice Within a Revised Systems Model of Creativity. Journal of Media Practice, 14(2), 111–127.
Koestler, A. (1975). The Act of Creation (2nd ed.). New York: Dell.
Lefford, M. N., & Thompson, P. (2018, June 15). Naturalistic Artistic Decision-Making and Metacognition in the Music Studio. Cognition, Technology and Work [Special issue ‘Naturalistic Decision Making: Navigating Uncertainty in Complex Sociotechnical Work’], pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-018-0497-8.
Lewisohn, M. (1988). The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions. London: Hamlyn/EMI.
Martin, G., & Pearson, W. (1994). With a Little Help from my Friends: The Making of Sgt. Pepper. London: Little Brown and Co.
McIntyre, P. (2008, November). The Systems Model of Creativity: Analyzing the Distribution of Power in the Studio. Journal on the Art of Record Production (3). Available from: http://arpjournal.com/686/the-systems-model-of-creativity-analyzing-the-distribution-of-power-in-the-studio/. Last accessed Feb 2015.
McIntyre, P. (2012a). Creativity and Cultural Production: Issues for Media Practice. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
McIntyre, P. (2012b). Rethinking Creativity: Record Production and the Systems Model. In S. Frith & S. Zargorski Thomas (Eds.), The Art of Record Production (pp. 149–161). London: Ashgate.
Meintjes, L. (2003). Sound of Africa!: Making Music Zulu in a South African Studio. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Moore, A. F. (1993). Rock: The Primary Text. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Moorefield, V. (2005). The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music. London: MIT Press.
Petrie, D. (1991). Creativity and Constraint in the British Film Industry. London: MacMillan.
Porcello, T. (2004). Speaking of Sound: Language and the Professionalization of Sound Recording Engineers. Social Studies of Science, 34, 733–758.
Rojek, C. (2011). Pop Music, Pop Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Sawyer, K. (Ed.). (2006). Group Creativity: Musical Performance and Collaboration. Psychology of Music, 34(2), 148–165.
Thompson, P. (2016). Scalability of the Creative System in the Recording Studio. In P. McIntyre, J. Fulton, & E. Paton (Eds.), The Creative System in Action: Understanding Cultural Production and Practice (pp. 74–86). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Vignolle, J. (1980). Melange des Genres, Alchimie Sociale: La Production des Disques de Varietes. Sociologie du Travail, 22(2), 129–151.
Watson, P. (2000). A Terrible Beauty: A History of the People and Ideas that Shaped the Modern Mind. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Wicke, P. (1990). Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, A. (2010, December 3–5). Celluloid Heroes: Fictional Truths of Recording Studio Practice on Film. In Proceedings of the 2010 Art of Record Production Conference. UK: Leeds Metropolitan University. Available from: http://arpjournal.com/1412/celluloid-heroes-fictional-truths-of-recording-studio-practice-on-film/. Last accessed Oct, 2018.
Wolfe, P. (2017). Women in the Studio: Creation, Control and Gender in Popular Music Sound Production. Farnham: Routledge.
Zak, A. (2001). The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records. London: University of California Press.
Zolberg, V. (1990). Constructing a Sociology of the Arts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Recordings Cited
The Beatles. (1967). ‘I Am the Walrus’, ‘Strawberry Fields Forever’, Magical Mystery Tour. Parlophone.
The Beatles. (1996). Anthology 2. Apple.
The Wailers. (1973). Catch a Fire. Island.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thompson, P. (2019). Introduction. In: Creativity in the Recording Studio. Leisure Studies in a Global Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01650-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01650-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-01649-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-01650-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)