Ancient Greece: 1100 BC to 30 BC

Ramesh, Sangaralingam

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_5

Ancient Greece: 1100 BC to 30 BC

Sangaralingam Ramesh²

Chapter
First Online: 12 November 2018

497 Accesses

Abstract

The collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation of the Mediterranean coincided with the commencement of the Greek Dark Ages. The period of this age was between the thirteenth century BC and the eleventh century BC, and it coincided with a dramatic drop in Greece’s population. This drop may have been caused by a fall in agricultural productivity, due to the effects of climate change, being unable to support a large population base. The specific climate change could have been a prolonged drought, leading the soil to become unable to sustain agricultural crops. However, an alternative argument for the collapse of civilisation in the eastern Mediterranean between the thirteenth and the eleventh centuries is that there was a collapse of the economic system. Despite what factors may have caused the Mycenaean civilisation to collapse, the next four centuries were characterised by a decline in long distance trade and the predominance of rural as opposed to urban settlements.

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Notes

1.
Bryant, J. (1996), Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics, State University of New York Press, Albany.
2.
Drake, B. (2012), The Influence of Climatic Change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages, Journalof Archaeological Science, 39, pp. 1862–1870.
3.
Ibid.
4.
Carpenter, R. (1966), Discontinuity in Greek Civilization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
5.
Drake, B. (2012), The Influence of Climatic Change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages, Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, pp. 1862–1870.
6.
Ibid.
7.
Palaima, T.G. (2010), Linear B. In: Cline, E. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 356–372.
8.
Castleden, R. (2005), Mycenaeans, Routledge, New York.
9.
Janse, M. (2002), Aspects of Bilingualism in the History of the Greek Language, IN: Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text, Adams, J., Janse, M., and Swain, S. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
10.
Fortson IV, B.W. (2004), Indo-European Language and Culture, an Introduction, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA.
11.
Sass, B. (2005), The Alphabet at the Turn of the Millennium: The West Semitic Alphabet CA. 1150–850 BCE, the Antiquity of the Arabian, Greek, and Phrygian Alphabets, Ravgon, Tel Aviv.
12.
Mazar, A. (1990), Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000–586 BCE. Doubleday, New York, NY.
13.
Drake, B. (2012), The Influence of Climatic Change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages, Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, pp. 1862–1870.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Desborough, V.R. (1964), The Last Mycenaeans and Their Successors. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
16.
Sandars, N.K. (1987), The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean. Thames and Hudson, New York.
17.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece – From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
18.
Ibid.
19.
Snodgrass, A. (1981), Archaic Greece, The Age of Experiment, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
20.
Fleck, R., and Hanssen, F. (2013), How Tyranny Paved the Way to Democracy: The Democratic Transition in Ancient Greece, The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 389–416.
21.
Grant, M. (1987), The Rise of the Greeks. New York: Charles Scribner.
22.
Fleck, R., and Hanssen, F. (2013), How Tyranny Paved the Way to Democracy: The Democratic Transition in Ancient Greece, The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 389–416.
23.
Ehrenberg, V. (1937), When did the polis rise?, JHS 57, 147–59.
24.
Morris, I. (1990), The Early Polis as City and State, IN City and Country in the Ancient World, Rich, J., and Wallace-Hadrill, A. (Eds), Routledge, London.
25.
Ibid.
26.
Ibid.
27.
Andrewes, A. (1956), The Greek Tyrants, Hutchinson’s University Library, London.
28.
Fleck, R., and Hanssen, F. (2013), How Tyranny Paved the Way to Democracy: The Democratic Transition in Ancient Greece, The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 389–416.
29.
Jeffrey, L. (1976), Archaic Greece: The City-States c. 700–500 B.C, St. Martin’s Press, New York.
30.
Fleck, R., and Hanssen, F. (2013), How Tyranny Paved the Way to Democracy: The Democratic Transition in Ancient Greece, The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 389–416.
31.
Ibid.
32.
Saxonhouse, A. (1988), The Tyranny of Reason in the World of the Polis, American Political Science review, Vol. 82, No. 4.
33.
Ulf, C. (2009), The World of Homer and Hesiod, IN A Companion to Archaic Greece, Raaflaub, K., and Van Wees, H. (Eds), Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
34.
Snodgrass, A. (1981), Archaic Greece, The Age of Experiment, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
35.
Kurke, L. (1992), The Politics of Archaic Greece, Classical Antiquity, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 91–120.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Ibid.
38.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece – From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
39.
Ibid.
40.
Ibid.
41.
Ibid.
42.
Ibid.
43.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece – From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
44.
Ibid.
45.
Ibid.
46.
Rose, P. (2012), Class in Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
47.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece – From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
48.
Ibid.
49.
Percy, W. (1996), Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, University of Illinois Press, Chicago.
50.
De Souza, P. (1998), Towards thalassocracy? Archaic Greek naval developments, IN Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, Fisher, N., and Van Wees, H. (eds), Duckworth with The Classical Press of Wales, London.
51.
Snodgrass, A. (1981), Archaic Greece, The Age of Experiment, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
52.
Ibid.
53.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece – From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
54.
Parker, V. (2007), Tyrants and Lawgivers, IN The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece, Shapiro, H. (Ed), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
55.
Ibid.
56.
Parker, V. (2007), Tyrants and Lawgivers, IN The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece, Shapiro, H. (Ed), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
57.
Ibid.
58.
Ibid.
59.
Holkeskamp, K. (1992), Written Law in Archaic Greece, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 38, pp. 87–117.
60.
Ibid.
61.
Ibid.
62.
Robinson, E. (1997), The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
63.
Ibid.
64.
Blok, J. (2018), Retracing Steps: Finding Ways into Archaic Greek Citizenship, IN Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece, Duplouy, A., and Brock, R. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
65.
Gagarin, M. (2003), Letters of the Law: Written Texts in Archaic Greek Law, IN: Written Texts and the Rise of Literate Culture in Ancient Greece, Yunis, H.(Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
66.
Ibid.
67.
Parker, V. (2007), Tyrants and Lawgivers, IN The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece, Shapiro, H. (Ed), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
68.
Ibid.
69.
Salmon, J. (2003), Lopping off the heads? Tyranny, politics and the polls, IN The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece, Mitchell, L., and Rhodes, P. (Eds), Routledge.
70.
Grote, G. (1856), History of Greece, Murray.
71.
Hammond, B. (1895), Political Institutions and the Greeks, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
72.
Sealey, R. (1976), A History of the Greek City States, 700–338 BC, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
73.
Ibid.
74.
Sandys, J. (1912), Aristolelous, Athenaian, Politeia, The Lawbook Exchange Ltd., Union, New Jersey.
75.
Hammond, B. (1895), Political Institutions and the Greeks, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
76.
Morris, I. (1986), Gift and Commodity in Archaic Greece, Man, New Series, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1–17.
77.
Kraay, C. (1976), Archaic and Classical Greek coins. London.
78.
Kagan, D. (1982), The dates of the earliest coins, Am. J. Archaeol. 86, 52–73.
79.
Morris, I. (1986), Gift and Commodity in Archaic Greece, Man, New Series, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1–17.
80.
Cook, R. M. (1958), Speculations on the origin of coinage, Historia 7, 257–62.
81.
Ibid.
82.
Ibid.
83.
Ibid.
84.
Snodgrass, A. (1981), Archaic Greece, The Age of Experiment, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
85.
Ibid.
86.
Morris, I. (2004), Economic Growth in Ancient Greece, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, Vol. 160, No. 4, pp. 709–742.
87.
Walter, U. (2010), The Classical Age as a Historical Epoch, IN A Companion to the Classical Greek World, Kinzl, K. (Ed), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford.
88.
Strauss, B. (2004), The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece and Western Civilisation, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York.
89.
Walter, U. (2010), The Classical Age as a Historical Epoch, IN A Companion to the Classical Greek World, Kinzl, K. (Ed), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford.
90.
Shepherd, W. (2012), Plataea 479 BC: The Most Glorious Victory Ever Seen, Osprey Publishing.
91.
Walter, U. (2010), The Classical Age as a Historical Epoch, IN A Companion to the Classical Greek World, Kinzl, K. (Ed), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford.
92.
Osborne, R. (1996), Greece in the Making, 1200–479 BC, Routledge, New York.
93.
Walter, U. (2010), The Classical Age as a Historical Epoch, IN A Companion to the Classical Greek World, Kinzl, K. (Ed), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford.
94.
Ibid.
95.
Andrewes, A. (1977), Kleisthenes’ Reform Bill, CQ 27, pp. 246–7.
96.
Ibid.
97.
Ibid.
98.
Osborne, R. (1996), Greece in the Making, 1200–479 BC, Routledge, New York.
99.
Gaeta, L. (2004) Athenian democracy and the political foundation of space, Planning Theory & amp; Practice, 5:4, pp. 471–483.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Ibid.
102.
Osborne, R. (1996), Greece in the Making, 1200–479 BC, Routledge, New York.
103.
Ibid.
104.
Gaeta, L. (2004) Athenian democracy and the political foundation of space, Planning Theory & amp; Practice, 5:4, pp. 471–483.
105.
Ibid.
106.
Ibid.
107.
Cawthorne, N. (2004), Alexander the Great, Haus Publishing, London.
108.
Ibid.
109.
Ibid.
110.
Ibid.
111.
Ibid.
112.
Ibid.
113.
Worthington, I. (2013), Demosthenes of Athens and the Fall of Classical Greece, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
114.
Ibid.
115.
Ibid.
116.
Ibid.
117.
Ibid.
118.
Ibid.
119.
Ibid.
120.
Ibid.
121.
Ibid.
122.
Ibid.
123.
Ibid.
124.
Ibid.
125.
Worthington, I. (2013), Demosthenes of Athens and the Fall of Classical Greece, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
126.
Ibid.
127.
Davies, J. (1993), Democracy and Classical Greece, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
128.
Worthington, I. (2013), Demosthenes of Athens and the Fall of Classical Greece, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
129.
Roebuck, C. (1948), The Settlements of Phillip II with the Greek States in 338 BC, Classical Philology, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 73–92.
130.
Ibid.
131.
Ibid.
132.
Ibid.
133.
Ibid.
134.
Ibid
135.
Ellis, J. (1976), Phillip II and Macedonian Imperialism, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
136.
Ibid.
137.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
138.
Ibid.
139.
Ibid.
140.
Ibid.
141.
Price, S. (2001), The History of the Hellenistic Period, IN The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World, Boardman, J., Griffin, J., and Murray, O. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
142.
Ibid.
143.
Ibid.
144.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
145.
Price, S. (2001), The History of the Hellenistic Period, IN The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World, Boardman, J., Griffin, J., and Murray, O. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
146.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
147.
Ibid.
148.
Ibid.
149.
Price, S. (2001), The History of the Hellenistic Period, IN The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World, Boardman, J., Griffin, J., and Murray, O. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
150.
Ibid.
151.
Chamoux, F. (2002), Hellenistic Civilisation, Blackwell Publishing, London.
152.
Chamoux, F. (2002), Hellenistic Civilisation, Blackwell Publishing, London.
153.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
154.
Thonemann, P. (2018), The Hellenistic Age: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
155.
Chamoux, F. (2002), Hellenistic Civilisation, Blackwell Publishing, London.
156.
Ibid.
157.
Godin, B., and Lucier, P. (2012), Innovation and Conceptual Innovation in Ancient Greece, INRS, Chaire Fernand Dumont Sur La Culture, Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation, Working Paper No.12.
158.
Price, S. (2001), The History of the Hellenistic Period, IN The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World, Boardman, J., Griffin, J., and Murray, O. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
159.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
160.
Price, S. (2001), The History of the Hellenistic Period, IN The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World, Boardman, J., Griffin, J., and Murray, O. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
161.
Smith, W., and Greene, G. (1861), A History of Greece from the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest, Harper Brothers Publishers, New York.
162.
Martin, T. (2013), Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven.
163.
Price, S. (2001), The History of the Hellenistic Period, IN The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World, Boardman, J., Griffin, J., and Murray, O. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Rewley House, Oxford, UK
Sangaralingam Ramesh

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Ramesh, S. (2018). Ancient Greece: 1100 BC to 30 BC. In: The Rise of Empires. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_5

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