The Babylonian Empire: 1900 BC to 539 BC

Ramesh, Sangaralingam

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_4

The Babylonian Empire: 1900 BC to 539 BC

Sangaralingam Ramesh²

Chapter
First Online: 12 November 2018

506 Accesses

Abstract

The history of Sumer and Akkad have been mostly derived from archaeological evidence, unlike the history of either Greece or Rome, which have been accorded a written tradition. There was no Herodotus or Thucydides in the case of either Sumer or Akkad as there was in the case of Greece, except for Berossus. However, he wrote in the latter Greek-Babylonian period, in the third century BC. Knowledge of Mesopotamian dynasties and kings have been mostly derived from inscribed tablets uncovered during archaeological excavations of ancient sites. Throughout the rise of Mesopotamian civilisation was the increased use of writing, for recording transactions but also as a tool of social and political control through written laws and regulations.

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Notes

1.
Charpin, D. (1995), The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Overview, IN Sasson, J. (Ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2, Simon and Schuster, New York.
2.
Ibid.
3.
Ibid.
4.
Ibid.
5.
Grayson, A. (1980), Assyria and Babylonia, Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 140–194.
6.
Charpin, D. (1995), The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Overview, IN Sasson, J. (Ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2, Simon and Schuster, New York.
7.
Weiss, H., Courty, M., Wetterstrom, W., Guichard, F., Senior, L., Meadow, R., and Curnow, A. (1993), The Genesis and Collapse of the Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilisation, Science, New Series, Vol. 261, No. 5124, pp. 995–1004.
8.
Ibid.
9.
Ibid.
10.
Ibid.
11.
De Lafayette, M. (2014), Thesaurus Lexicon of Similar Words & Synonyms in 21 Dead and Ancient Languages, Volume II ‘A’ 9Alma-Azu), Times Square Press, New York.
12.
Wilford, J. (1993), Collapse of Earliest Known Empire Is Linked to Long, Harsh Drought, The New York Times.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Ibid.
16.
De Lafayette, M. (2014), Thesaurus Lexicon of Similar Words & Synonyms in 21 Dead and Ancient Languages, Volume II ‘A’ 9Alma-Azu), Times Square Press, New York.
17.
Wilford, J. (1993), Collapse of Earliest Known Empire Is Linked to Long, Harsh Drought, The New York Times.
18.
Ibid.
19.
Whiting, R. M. (1995), Amorite tribes and nations of second millennium western-Asia. In Civilizations of the Ancient near East, Vol. 2 (ed. J. M. Sasson, with J. Baines, G. Beckman and K. Robinson), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, pp. 1231–42.
20.
Ibid.
21.
Kenyon, K. (1965), Archaeology in the Holy Land, 2nd edition, Ernest Benn.
22.
Prag, K. (1985), Ancient and Modern Pastoral Migration in the Levant, Levant, 17:1, pp. 81–88.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Burke, A. (2014), ‘Introduction to the Levant During the Middle Bronze Age’, IN: The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant C: 8000–332 BCE, Steiner, M., and Killebrew, A. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
25.
Ibid.
26.
Ibid.
27.
Ibid.
28.
Prag, K. (1985), Ancient and Modern Pastoral Migration in the Levant, Levant, 17:1, pp. 81–88.
29.
Burke, A. (2014), ‘Introduction to the Levant During the Middle Bronze Age’, IN: The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant C: 8000–332 BCE, Steiner, M., and Killebrew, A. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Ibid.
32.
Whiting, R. M. (1995), Amorite tribes and nations of second millennium western-Asia. In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2 (ed. J. M. Sasson, with J. Baines, G. Beckman and K. Robinson), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, pp. 1231–42.
33.
Ibid.
34.
Sharma, S., and Pahuja, D. (2017), Five Great Civilisations of Ancient World, Educreation Publishing, New Delhi.
35.
Ibid.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Stallings, L. (2000), A Brief History of Algebraic Notation, School of Science and Mathematics, Vol. 100, No. 5, pp. 230–235.
38.
Ibid.
39.
Ibid.
40.
Baumgart, J. K. (1969), The history of algebra: An overview, In Historical topics for the mathematics classroom. 31st National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Yearbook. Washington, DC: NCTM.
41.
Gullberg, J. (1997), Mathematics from the birth of Numbers, W.W. Norton, New York.
42.
Stallings, L. (2000), A Brief History of Algebraic Notation, School of Science and Mathematics, Vol. 100, No. 5, pp. 230–235.
43.
Powell, M. (1976), The Antecedents of Old Babylonian Place Notation and the Early History of Babylonian Mathematics, Historia Mathematica J, 3, pp. 417–439.
44.
Ibid.
45.
Modelski, G. (1999), Ancient World Cities 4000–1000 BC: Centre/hinterland in the World System, Global Society, 13:4, pp. 383–392.
46.
Ibid.
47.
Jursa, M. (2010), Aspects of the Economic History of Babylonia in the First Millennium BC. Economic Geography, Economic Mentalities, Agriculture, the Use of Money and the Problem of Economic Growth, Ugarit Verlag, Münster.
48.
Carmona, S., and Ezzamel, M. (2007), Accounting and accountability in ancient civilisations: Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 20, Issue 2.
49.
Bullough, V and Bullough, B. (1978), The History of Prostitution: An Illustrated Social History, Crown Publishers, New York.
50.
Modelski, G., and Thompson, W. (1999), Evolutionary Pulsations in the World Economy, Paper presented to the International Studies Association (ISA) Annual Convention, San Diego, April 1996, The Evolutionary Pulse of the World System: Hinterland Incursions and Migrations 4000 BC to 1500 AD, in P.N. Kardulias (ed.), World Systems Theory in Practice: Leadership, Production, and Exchange, Rowman and Littlefield, Boulder.
51.
Modelski, G. (1999), Ancient World Cities 4000–1000 BC: Centre/hinterland in the World System, Global Society, 13:4, pp. 383–392.
52.
Saggs, H. (2000), Peoples of the Past: Babylonians, University of California Press, Berkeley.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid.
55.
Ibid.
56.
Ibid.
57.
Ibid.
58.
Stiebing, W. (2009), Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture, 2nd Edition, Routledge, London.
59.
Ibid.
60.
Ibid.
61.
Liverani, M. (2011), The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy, Routledge, New York.
62.
Ibid.
63.
Ibid.
64.
Ibid.
65.
Ibid.
66.
Ibid.
67.
Ibid
68.
Ibid.
69.
Ibid.
70.
Ibid.
71.
Jursa, M. (2010), Aspects of the Economic History of Babylonia in the First Millennium BC. Economic Geography, Economic Mentalities, Agriculture, the Use of Money and the Problem of Economic Growth, Ugarit Verlag, Münster.
72.
Malko, H. (2014), Investigation into the Impacts of Foreign Ruling Elites in Traditional State Societes: The Case of the Kassite State in Babylonia (Iraq), ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
73.
Ibid.
74.
Saggs, H. (2000), Peoples of the Past: Babylonians, University of California Press, Berkeley.
75.
Malko, H. (2014), Investigation into the Impacts of Foreign Ruling Elites in Traditional State Societes: The Case of the Kassite State in Babylonia (Iraq), ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
76.
Ibid.
77.
Ibid.
78.
Ibid.
79.
Ibid.
80.
McNeese, T. (2002), Ancient Egypt and other Early Civilisations: The Ancient World Set II, Milliken Publishing Company, a Lorenz Company, Dayton, Ohio, US.
81.
Malko, H. (2014), Investigation into the Impacts of Foreign Ruling Elites in Traditional State Societes: The Case of the Kassite State in Babylonia (Iraq), ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
82.
McNeese, T. (2002), Ancient Egypt and other Early Civilisations: The Ancient World Set II, Milliken Publishing Company, a Lorenz Company, Dayton, Ohio, US.
83.
Saggs, H. (2000), Peoples of the Past: Babylonians, University of California Press, Berkeley.
84.
Ibid.
85.
Stiebing, W. (2009), Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture, 2nd Edition, Routledge, London.
86.
Ibid.
87.
Ibid.
88.
Ibid.
89.
Ibid.
90.
Ibid.
91.
Crawford, H. (2015), Ur: The City of the Moon God, Bloomsbury Academic, London.
92.
Baqir, T. (1945), Iraq Government excavations at Aqar Quf, Iraq Supplement. London.
93.
Stiebing, W. (2009), Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture, 2nd Edition, Routledge, London.
94.
Arnold, B. (2004), Who Were the Babylonians?, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
95.
Ibid.
96.
Liverani, M. (2011), The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy, Routledge, New York.
97.
Ellickson, R., and Thorland, C. (1995), Ancient Land Law: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel, Chicago-Kent Law Review, Vol. 71, No. 321.
98.
Ibid.
99.
Liverani, M. (2011), The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy, Routledge, New York.
100.
Arnold, B. (2004), Who Were the Babylonians?, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
101.
Ibid.
102.
Ibid.
103.
Scarre, C., and Fagan, B. (2016), Ancient Civilisations, 4th edition, Routledge, New York.
104.
Ibid.
105.
Ibid.
106.
Ibid.
107.
Scarre, C., and Fagan, B. (2016), Ancient Civilisations, 4th edition, Routledge, New York.
108.
Ibid.
109.
Ibid.
110.
Ibid.
111.
Ibid.
112.
Ibid.
113.
Ibid.
114.
Ibid.
115.
Ibid.
116.
Ibid.
117.
Ibid.
118.
Ibid.
119.
Scarre, C., and Fagan, B. (2016), Ancient Civilisations, 4th edition, Routledge, New York.
120.
Ibid.
121.
Ibid.
122.
Ibid.
123.
Ibid.
124.
Radner, K. (2015), Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
125.
Ibid.
126.
Hirmis, A. (2018), The Economics of Iraq: Ancient Past to Distant Future, Grosvenor House Publishing, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
127.
Ibid.
128.
Ibid.
129.
Ibid.
130.
Ibid.
131.
Hirmis, A. (2018), The Economics of Iraq: Ancient Past to Distant Future, Grosvenor House Publishing, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
132.
Ibid.
133.
Ibid.
134.
Wiseman, D. (1965), Assyria and Babylonia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
135.
Dunnigan, J. (2000), Wargames Handbook: How to Play and Design Commercial and Professional Wargames, 3rd edition, Writers Club Press, New York.
136.
Ibid.
137.
Ibid.
138.
Gabriel, R. (2002), The Great Armies of Antiquity, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, USA.
139.
Radner, K. (2015), Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
140.
Ray, G. (1979), Energy Economics – A Random Walk in History, Energy Economics, 3, pp. 139–143.
141.
Dunnigan, J. (2000), Wargames Handbook: How to Play and Design Commercial and Professional Wargames, 3rd edition, Writers Club Press, New York.
142.
Gabriel, R. (2002), The Great Armies of Antiquity, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, USA.
143.
Ibid.
144.
Ibid.
145.
Radner, K. (2015), Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
146.
Finegan, J. (1969), Light from the Ancient Past: The Archaeological Background of the Hebrew-Christian Religion, Vol. 1, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
147.
Sack, R. (2004), Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a legend, Selinsgrove, Susquehanna University Press, London.
148.
Ibid.
149.
Finegan, J. (1969), Light from the Ancient Past: The Archaeological Background of the Hebrew-Christian Religion, Vol. 1, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
150.
Gill, A. (2010), Gateway to the Gods: The Rise and Fall of Babylon, Quercus.
151.
Price, I. (1924), The Nabopolassar Chronicle, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 44, pp. 122–129.
152.
Finegan, J. (1969), Light from the Ancient Past: The Archaeological Background of the Hebrew-Christian Religion, Vol. 1, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
153.
Ibid.
154.
Thiele, E. (1956), New Evidence on the Chronology of the Last Kings of Judah, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No, 143, pp. 22–27.
155.
Price, I. (1924), The Nabopolassar Chronicle, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 44, pp. 122–129.
156.
Beaulieu, P. (2003), Nabopolassar and the Antiquity of Babylon, Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Vol. Hayim and Miriam Tadmar Volume, pp. 1–9.
157.
Ibid.
158.
Beaulieu, P. (2003), Nabopolassar and the Antiquity of Babylon, Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Vol. Hayim and Miriam Tadmar Volume, pp. 1–9.
159.
Horn, S. (1968), The Babylonian Chronicle and the Ancient Calendar of the Kingdom of Judah, Andrews University Seminary Studies 6, pp. 29–45.
160.
Sack, R. (2004), Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a legend, Selinsgrove, Susquehanna University Press, London.
161.
Lambert, W. (1965), Nebuchadnezzar King of Justice, Iraq, Vol. 27, Issue 1, pp. 1–11.
162.
Dalley, S. (1994), Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled, Iraq, Vol. 56, pp. 45–58.
163.
Baker, H. D. (2012). The Neo-Babylonian Empire. In Potts, D. (ed.), A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 914–930.
164.
Wunsch, C. (2010), Neo-Babylonian Entrepreneurs, IN: The Invention of Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times, Landes, D., Mokyr, J., and Baumol, W. (Eds), Princeton University Press, Princeton.
165.
Bahrani, Z. (2006), Race and ethnicity in Mesopotamian Antiquity, World Archaeology, 38:1, pp. 48–59.
166.
Bertin, G. (1889), The Races of the Babylonian Empire, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 18, pp. 104–120.
167.
Ibid.
168.
Ibid.
169.
Wunsch, C. (2010), Neo-Babylonian Entrepreneurs, IN: The Invention of Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times, Landes, D., Mokyr, J., and Baumol, W. (Eds), Princeton University Press, Princeton.
170.
Ibid.
171.
Ibid.
172.
Ibid.
173.
Ibid.
174.
Ibid.
175.
Ibid.
176.
Ackroyd, Peter R. 1968. Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C. Philadelphia, Westminster Press.
177.
Abrutyn, S. (2015), The institutional evolution of religion: innovation and entrepreneurship in ancient Israel, Religion, 45:4, 505–531.
178.
Bernholz P. (1998), International Competition Among States: Institutions, Market Regime and Innovations in Antiquity. In: Bernholz P., Streit M.E., Vaubel R. (eds) Political Competition, Innovation and Growth. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
179.
Temin, P. (2002), Price Behaviour in Ancient Babylon, Explorations in Economic History, 39, pp. 46–60.
180.
Bernholz P. (1998), International Competition Among States: Institutions, Market Regime and Innovations in Antiquity. In: Bernholz P., Streit M.E., Vaubel R. (eds) Political Competition, Innovation and Growth. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
181.
Zawadzki, S. (2012), The End of the Neo-Babylonian Empire: New Data Concerning Nabonidus’s Order to send the Statutes of Gods to Babylon, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 71, No. 1.
182.
Ibid.
183.
Lambert, W. (1965), Nebuchadnezzar King of Justice, Iraq, Vol. 27, Issue 1, pp. 1–11.
184.
Rogers, D. (2008), The Weeping Merchants: The Earth Weeps and Heaven Rejoices, Lulu Enterprises, Morrisville, North Carolina.
185.
Wunsch, C. (2010), Neo-Babylonian Entrepreneurs, IN: The Invention of Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times, Landes, D., Mokyr, J., and Baumol, W. (Eds), Princeton University Press, Princeton.
186.
Charpin, D. (1995), The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Overview, IN Sasson, J. (Ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2, Simon and Schuster, New York.
187.
Ibid.
188.
Ibid.
189.
Charpin, D. (1995), The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Overview, IN Sasson, J. (Ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2, Simon and Schuster, New York.
190.
Ibid.
191.
Charpin, D. (1995), The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Overview, IN Sasson, J. (Ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2, Simon and Schuster, New York.
192.
Kuhrt, A. (1988), The Achaemenid Empire: A Babylonian Perspective, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society (New Series), Vol. 34.
193.
Charpin, D. (1995), The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Overview, IN Sasson, J. (Ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2, Simon and Schuster, New York.
194.
Ibid.
195.
Ibid.
196.
Ibid.
197.
Ibid.

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Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Rewley House, Oxford, UK
Sangaralingam Ramesh

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Sangaralingam Ramesh
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Ramesh, S. (2018). The Babylonian Empire: 1900 BC to 539 BC. In: The Rise of Empires. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_4

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_4
Published: 12 November 2018
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-01607-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-01608-1
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